上海市居民食物碳消费变化趋势的动态分析

城市化的快速发展和城市人口的不断增长,给社会和生态环境带来了巨大压力.不可持续的居民消费是造成全球环境问题的主要原因,而居民食物碳消费研究是促进可持续居民消费的重要内容.采用政府宏观统计数据.分析了1980-2007年上海市居民食物消费结构和食物碳消费的变化趋势和影响因素,结果表明:①居民食物碳消费结构发生较大变化,由"以粮食碳消费为主"的单一模式转变为"以粮食、畜禽肉、植物油碳消费为主"的多元消费模式,但碳消费结构仍欠合理;②居民人均食物碳消费量呈下降趋势,但受城市人口逐年增加的影响,食物碳消费总量呈现波动上升趋势;③使用person乘积相关分析法得出食物消费支出和居民消费价格指数是人均食物碳消费的主要影响因素.研究结果对进一步探索可持续的居民消费模式和减轻食物消费的环境影响具有重要的现实意义.     

基于互联网的地震预警问题的社会调查与分析

通过互联网对地震预警问题进行了社会调查,统计和分析问卷10 349份.结果表明,绝大多数的被调查者接受通过地震预警来减轻地震灾害的方式,认同地震预警的主要目标是减少人员伤亡,表示在信息公开及掌握应对措施的情况下,在地震预警时不会产生恐慌.同时,51.2%的被调查者认为,由地震部门发布预警更合适,而政府的责任是根据预警做好应急准备.72.1%的人表示对地震科普知识了解较少的现实表明,我国的地震知识普及率仍然很低.而公众能否理性地接受地震预警的实践,与地震知识普及程度关系很大.     

城镇社区地震应急能力评价指标体系的构建

城镇社区是构成城镇的基本单元,是政府实施社会管理的基本单元和主要依托,也是城镇防灾减灾的基本单元.城镇社区地震应急能力评价是地震应急管理的重要内容,建立社区地震应急能力评价指标体系对提高社区地震应急能力、建设地震安全社区和促进城镇地震应急管理工作具有重要意义.     

Levels and congener profiles of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in seafood from China

A nationwide investigation into polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in market seafood was conducted for the first time in this study. Total PCDD/F concentrations in fatty fish ranged from 0.13 to 8.64 pg g⁻¹ wet weight (mean 2.05 pg g⁻¹ wet weight), total PCB concentrations ranged from 38.9 to 3514 pg g⁻¹ wet weight (mean 1133 pg g⁻¹ wet weight), and total PBDE concentrations ranged from 42.8 to 913 pg g⁻¹ wet weight (mean 322 pg g⁻¹ wet weight). Corresponding mean toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values for total PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB were 0.25 pg g⁻¹ wet weight (WHO 98-TEQ) and 0.32 pg g⁻¹ wet weight (WHO 98-TEQ), respectively. OCDD, PCB-138 and PBDE-47 were the dominant compounds according to their respective congeners. WHO 98-TEQ _{PCDD/PCDF/PCB} for fatty fish and shell fish were 0.60 and 0.070 pg g⁻¹ wet weight, respectively, lower than the standard set by the European Commission. The contamination levels and profiles were compared with those documented in previous publications.     

生物法/人工湿地工艺处理采油废水及其生态毒性削减研究

采用2种生物法/人工湿地工艺(水解酸化/好氧/人工湿地工艺和水解酸化/人工湿地(进水区强化曝气)工艺)处理胜利油田某联合处理站经隔油、混凝处理的采油废水,并运用发光细菌技术研究采油废水在处理过程中的生态毒性削减规律.研究结果表明,在水解酸化段水力停留时间(HRT)为20 h,好氧段HRT为10 h,人工湿地HRT为2 d的工况下,水解酸化/好氧/人工湿地工艺与水解酸化/人工湿地(进水区强化曝气)工艺的出水水质均能满足COD≤80 mg/L、NH_4~+-N≤15 mg/L的处理要求.发光细菌法试验结果表明,经隔油、混凝处理后的采油废水属高毒性废水,再经水解酸化/人工湿地(进水区强化曝气)工艺处理后生态毒性大幅削减,出水生态毒性降至低毒.     

碳同位素在溢油鉴定中的应用研究

通过分析中国代表性原油、氯仿沥青"A"组分碳同位素和正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成,探讨其在溢油鉴定中的应用.结果表明,原油的碳同位素组成具有母质继承效应,不同来源的原油及其氯仿沥青"A"组分的碳同位素类型曲线形状不同,可以利用这种规律进行溢油鉴定.碳同位素的抗风化性是其用于油指纹鉴别的最大优点.正构烷烃单体碳同位素分析使得有机质碳同位素研究进入分子级水平,因其特征性和稳定性正日益成为重要且有效的油类污染物的"环境示踪剂".     

Plant Communities,Soil Carbon,and Soil Nitrogen Properties in a Successional Gradient of Sub-Alpine Meadows on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau of China

To assess the recovery trajectory and self-maintenance of restored ecosystems, a successional gradient (1, 3, 5, 15, and 30 years after abandonment) was established in a sub-alpine meadow of the eastern Tibetan Plateau in China. Plant communities and soil carbon and nitrogen properties were investigated and analyzed. Regression analyses were used to assess the models (linear or quadratic) relating measures of species richness, soil carbon and nitrogen properties to fallow time. We found that species richness (S) increased over the first 20 years but decreased thereafter, and aboveground biomass showed a linear increase along the fallow time gradient. The richness of different functional groups (forb, grass and legume) changed little along the fallow time gradient, but their corresponding above ground biomass showed the U-shaped, humped or linear pattern. Soil microbial carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) in the upper 20 cm showed a U-shaped pattern along the fallow time gradient. However, soil organic carbon (C_org) and total nitrogen (TN) in the soil at depth greater than 20 cm showed significant patterns of linear decline along the fallow time gradient. The threshold models of species richness reflected best the recovery over the 15 year fallow period. These results indicated that fallow time had a greater influence on development of the plant community than soil processes in abandoned fields in sub-alpine meadow ecosystem. These results also suggested that although the succession process did not significantly increase soil C, an increase in microbial biomass at the latter stage of succession could promote the decomposability of plant litter. Therefore, abandoned fields in sub-alpine meadow ecosystem may have a high resilience and strong rehabilitating capability under natural recovery condition.     

四种砷化合物对藻类生长及光合作用的影响——以三角褐指藻为例

为了给砷对生态系统的影响研究提供参考,利用调制叶绿素荧光技术探讨了自然环境中常见的4种形态的砷对三角褐指藻生长和光合作用的影响.结果表明,在36 h内,亚砷酸盐对藻类生物量的增长和光合活性都有明显的抑制作用;砷酸盐在抑制藻类生长的同时却因为干扰代谢而使藻类表现出光合活性的增强;一甲基砷酸盐和二甲基砷酸盐对藻类在这些方面的影响相对较弱.但对藻类光能利用效率、非光化学淬灭系数等还是产生了较明显的影响.因此,除亚砷酸盐毒性较强之外,其余几种砷化合物在宏观层次上都观测不到明显的生长抑制效应,但是在微观层次上已表现出对光合效应的不同影响.     

不同粒径空气颗粒物中11种多环芳烃的分析测定

将五段多孔冲击分级器 (粒径分级 :≤ 1 .1 ,1 .1～ 2 .0 ,2 .0～ 3 .3 ,3 .3～ 7.0 ,≥ 7.0μm)与大流量采样器连接 ,采集呼和浩特市冬夏两季空气颗粒物样品 ,用高压液相色谱仪 (HPLC)测定样品中的蒽 (An)、菲 (Ph)、萤蒽 (Fl)、芘 (Py)、(Ch)、苯并 [a]蒽 (Ba A)、苯并 [a]芘 (Ba P)、二甲基苯并 [a]蒽 (DMBa A)、二苯并 [ah]蒽 (DBah A)、苯并 [ghi] (Bghi P)和晕苯 (Cor)等 1 1种多环芳烃化合物 (PAHs)。数据表明 :呼和浩特市空气颗粒物中 PAHs的浓度较高 ;有约 97%的 PAHs富集于可吸入颗粒中。     

定型机油烟废气监测分析方法初探

定型机废气污染是当前环境投诉的热点之一,油烟污染是定型机废气的主要问题,我国尚无定型机废气监测分析的标准方法。本文参照《餐饮业油烟排放标准》（试行）（GB 18483-2001）中的方法,比较了餐饮业油烟废气和定型机油烟废气在成分、排放方式等方面的相同点和不同点,从采样方法、采样时间等对定型机油烟废气的监测分析进行了初探,确定了定型机油烟废气竣工验收参考的采样方法和时间等要素。