异噻唑啉酮类杀菌剂对黑斑蛙胚胎和蝌蚪的急性毒性

异噻唑啉酮类杀菌剂1,2-苯并异噻唑-3-酮（BIT）和甲基异噻唑啉酮（MIT）虽已在多种行业中广泛使用,但目前有关其毒性尤其对水体中生物毒性的数据还较少。鉴于BIT和 MIT在水体中普遍存在,本文研究了这两种污染物对两栖动物黑斑蛙胚胎和蝌蚪的急性毒性。黑斑蛙胚胎和蝌蚪分别暴露系列浓度的BIT和 MIT,观察化学品对其生长、发育和运动的影响,计算96小时半数致死浓度（96 h-LC₅₀）和96小时半数致畸浓度（96 h-TC₅₀）,确定最小生长抑制浓度（MCIG）。结果发现,BIT对黑斑蛙胚胎的96 h-LC₅₀和96 h-TC₅₀分别为2.99 mg?L^-1和0.60 mg?L^-1,MCIG小于0.40 mg?L^-1,对蝌蚪的96 h-LC₅₀为6.44 mg?L^-1。MIT对黑斑蛙胚胎的96 h-LC₅₀和96 h-TC₅₀分别为5.30 mg?L^-1和2.36 mg?L^-1,MCIG为2.59 mg?L^-1,对蝌蚪的96 h-LC₅₀为7.58 mg?L^-1。根据《化学农药环境安全评价准则报批稿》中两栖动物蝌蚪急性毒性的分级标准,判定BIT和MIT的毒性等级为中等。该毒性数据为异噻唑啉酮类杀菌剂的环境管理提供参考。     

宝钢特种设备计算机管理系统的研究与应用

简述了宝钢特种设备安全管理理念,提出了宝钢特种设备计算机管理系统的总体思路,并对该系统的应用作了一定描述。     

用EXAFS研究Zn在水锰矿上的吸附-解吸机理

用延展X光吸收精细结构光谱(EXAFS)研究了重金属Zn(Ⅱ)在水锰矿(γ-MnOOH)上吸附产物的微观结构及其吸附机理.结果表明,Zn(Ⅱ)-水锰矿体系中(pH 7.5,0.1mol/LNaNO₃介质,25℃),Zn²⁺主要是通过共用水合Zn²⁺的O原子及水锰矿表面上的O原子形成Zn-O键,从而结合到水锰矿固体表面上的.平均Zn-O原子间距为1.998±0.010 A(n=3).这个Zn-O键键长是六配位的Zn(H₂O)²⁺₆及其水解产物四配位的Zn(OH)₂或Zn(OH)₄^2-各以一定比例混合吸附于水锰矿表面而形成的.同时,对第二配位层(Zn-Mn相互作用)的EXAFS图谱分析证明存在2个典型的Zn-Mn原子间距,即R₁=3.08±0.024A(n=3)和R2=3.54±0.018 A(n=3).这2个Zn-Mn原子距分别对应于水锰矿结构单元MnO6八面体与Zn水合离子ZnO多面体结合的2种方式,即共用2个O原子的边-边结合与共用1个O原子的角-角结合.边-边结合是较强的吸附位,Zn-Mn原子距较短(R₁=3.08A),吸附较不可逆.角-角结合是较弱的吸附位,Zn-Mn原子距较长(R₂=3.54A),吸附较为可逆.这一结果从微观上证明了亚稳平衡态吸附理论(MEA理论)的基本假设,即具有相同吸附密度的同一吸附质由于吸附力强弱以及微观构型的不同可具有不同的化学位,因而证明了修正传统吸附热力学的基本假设(吸附密度为热力学状态函数)的必要性.宏观的吸附-解吸热力学实验表明Zn(Ⅱ)在水锰矿上的吸附是不可逆的,EXAFS结果指出这种不可逆性主要是由Zn水合离子中ZnO多面体与水锰矿结构单元MnO₆八面体之间的边-边结合所导致的.     

中国浏阳农村地区人群暴露参数

以湖南省浏阳市农村地区人群为研究对象,采用问卷调查的方式对研究地区人群的暴露参数进行研究,结果表明:研究地区成人男性、女性的平均体质量分别为62.45和53.71kg,平均体表面积分别为1.710和1.546m2;成人日均饮水摄入量为1428 mL,P₉₅(第95百分位数)为3350mL,其中,日均直接饮水量为1035mL,P₉₅为2500mL;调查地区大米、面粉、鱼类、猪肉、鸡肉、蛋类(鸡蛋和鸭蛋合计)日均摄入量,成人男性为335.54、89.28、15.41、18.48、14.18和21.70g/d,成人女性为269.28、68.45、14.89、16.73、13.11和18.07g/d. 研究还发现,调查地区人群饮用水源以泉水和井水为主,分别占52.42%和36.31%,也有个别人群饮用河水和湖水等地表水. 研究结果与美国和日本暴露参数推荐值相比有较大差异,与我国同类研究相比也存在一定的差异,说明暴露参数具有区域性、种族性等特征.      

基于模拟植物生长算法的快线公共车辆优化调度研究

公共车辆的运营优化调度能够很好的减少城市交通拥堵,缓解交通压力,保证多方面的利益。对乘客高峰期快线公共车辆的调度进行了研究。首先运用了三元组α/β/γ方法对问题进行了描述,将乘客高峰期快线车辆的调度描述为一类以最小化制造期和平均等待时间为目标,具有先入先出原则和机器适用限制的流水车间动态调度问题。并在此基础上建立了相应的数学模型;接着,运用模拟植物生长算法进行了算法设计;最后,用实际数据进行了数值仿真,结果证明该研究具有较高的理论及现实价值。     

Effects of sepiolite and biochar on microbial diversity in acid red soil from southern China

Sepiolite and biochar can immobilize heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil effectively, but their impact on the soil microbial community and diversity is still unclear. High-throughput Illumina MiSeq method was used to study the effects of sepiolite and biochar on the diversity of microbial communities in acid red soil amended with cadmium and atrazine. A total of 47,472 microbiological Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were found in all the treated soil samples. Sepiolite and biochar enriched the diversity of soil microbes at different classification levels and OTUs, but the effect of biochar was stronger than that of sepiolite. A Venn diagram showed that compared with other treatments, adding 2% biochar could promote the growth of specific microbes, which is better than the case for 5% biochar. The heat map of species abundance cluster showed that the dominant microbes in soil were different for different treatment doses of sepiolite and biochar. Among all the soil treatments, the top ten dominant bacterial phyla (from high to low dominance) were: Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria­, and Verrucomicrobia. The addition of sepiolite and biochar promoted the restoration of the microbial community diversity in contaminated soil.     

Emission factors of gaseous carbonaceous species from residential combustion of coal and crop residue briquettes

Experiments were performed to measure the emission factors (EFs) of gaseous carbonaceous species, such as CO₂, CO, CH₄, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), from the combustion of five types of coal of varying organic maturity and two types of biomass briquettes under residential burning conditions. Samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges and were analyzed by GC-FID/MS and HPLC, respectively. The EFs from crop residue briquette burning were generally higher than those from coals, with the exception of CO₂. The dominant NMVOC species identified in coal smoke were carbonyls (41.7%), followed by C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.1%) and aromatics (12.1%), while C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons were the dominant species (68.9%) emitted from the combustion of crop residue briquettes, followed by aromatics (14.4%). A comparison of burning normal crop residues in stoves and the open field indicated that briquettes emitted a larger proportion of ethene and acetylene. Both combustion efficiency and coal organic maturity had a significant impact on NMVOC EFs from burning coal: NMVOC emissions increased with increasing coal organic maturity but decreased as the combustion efficiency improved. Emissions from the combustion of crop residue briquettes from stoves occurred mainly during the smoldering process, with low combustion efficiency. Therefore, an improved stove design to allow higher combustion efficiency would be beneficial for reducing emissions of carbonaceous air pollutants.     

三峡小城镇污水处理厂污水处理工艺探讨

在调查研究三峡库区重庆段小城镇污水处理现状的基础上,根据库区水质特征、水环境保护的特殊要求和库区地理环境与经济条件特点,对适用污水处理工艺和技术进行比选,认为利用地形高差,采用跌水曝气式生物滤塔+氧化沟处理工艺适用于库区小城镇污水处理。     

1957-2009年黄土高原地区风速变化趋势

用88个气象站1957-2009年的月平均风速和最大风速日值资料,采用距平累积法、 5 a趋势滑动法、 Mann-Kendall趋势检验法等分析了黄土高原地区风速的变化趋势及其空间分异等特征。结果表明:①黄土高原地区1957-2009年多年平均风速为2.36 m/s,水蚀区、 水蚀风蚀交错区和风蚀区年均风速分别为2.36、 2.17、 2.60 m/s,年际变化倾向率分别为-0.008 4、 -0.009 4和-0.018 8 m·s^-1·a^-1,并均通过了0.001的极显著性检验。3个区域均是冬、 春季的平均风速对全年趋势演变贡献率较大,年均风速也均在1981年发生偏强转为偏弱的跃变,20世纪70年代以后平均风速逐渐减小。②黄土高原平均风速减少的主要原因是最大风速为5级或5级以上的发生日数减少。大风频率从1970年代至2000年代呈显著减少趋势,风蚀区减少幅度最大,减少了10%以上,水蚀风蚀交错区减少1%~5%,到2000年代,大多数站点的大风频率均降低为<2%。③水蚀风蚀交错区和风蚀区年均大风日数较多,而水蚀区和黄土高原西部地区年均大风日数较少。根据大风年均发生日数,将大风天气划分为大风天气较少区(年均大风日数<10 d)、 较多区(10~50 d)、 多发区(50~100 d)和频发区(>100 d)。大风较多区在黄土高原地区分布最广,其次是较少区,无频发区。70年代至90年代,风蚀区和水蚀风蚀交错区的站点大多为大风较多区,其中70年代中宁和包头为大风多发区;2000年代以后,大部分地区转为大风较少区。     

Effects of two different intercropping systems on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dissipation北大核心CSCD

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are typical organic contaminants in the environment. It is indicated that plants and soil microorganisms have a positive synergistic effect on the remediation of PCB-contaminated soil. To investigate the effect of intercropping on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization and PCB remediation, a pot-cultivation experiment with two intercropping treatments, corn (Zea mays L.) / ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and corn/alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and a corn monoculture was conducted in a greenhouse. All treatments were inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae M47V. Plant biomass, root mycorrhizal colonization rate, concentration of PCBs and their homologs in soil, 16S rDNA gene abundance, and community composition measured by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) were determined after harvesting the plants. Intercropping significantly increased the root mycorrhizal colonization rate and plant biomass of corn (P < 0.05), as well as the available N content of the soil. A significant difference of the bacterial community composition was found among different treatments (P < 0.05). Compared with corn monoculture, corn/alfalfa intercropping significantly increased soil bacteria abundance (P < 0.05). The dissipation rates of total PCBs, as well as that of penta-chloro biphenyls were significantly increased in the intercropping treatments, when compared to the corn monoculture treatment. Moreover, corn/ryegrass intercropping has a significantly positive effect on the dissipation of tri-chloro biphenyls. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis indicated that the PCBs homologues composition were significantly correlated with the relative abundance of 128 bp and 148 bp T-RFs. Corn intercropping with ryegrass or alfalfa has a positive effect on root mycorrhizal colonization rate and plant biomass of corn. Inoculation of AM fungi in intercropping treatments significantly improved the efficiency of PCB remediation by promoting bacterial abundance and shifting the bacterial community composition. In conclusion, intercropping combined with AM fungi have positive synergistic effects on the remediation of PCB-contaminated soils. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.