稀土修饰的Co/Hβ催化剂催化分解N_2O

以Hβ分子筛为载体,采用浸渍法制备了一系列以钴为主活性组分,稀土元素为助剂的CoM/Hβ（M=La、Ce、Pr、Nd）催化剂,考察了在含氧条件下直接催化分解N2O的性能.采用X射线衍射、热重-质谱联用系统、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD等方法对催化剂进行了表征.XRD结果表明,Co物种主要以Co3O4尖晶石形态存在.NH3-TPD结果表明,催化剂活性与催化剂的酸性有关.活性评价结果显示,稀土助剂的添加使催化剂活性得到改善,其中以Pr为助剂的催化剂活性最好,N2O转化率达到95%时的反应温度为398℃.     

Application of microwave irradiation in the removal of polychlorinated biphenyls from soil contaminated by capacitor oil

The applicability of microwave irradiation in the removal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from the soil heavily contaminated by capacitor oil was studied. Granular activated carbon (GAC) was added into the soil as a microwave-absorbing material to rapidly increase the temperature of the reaction system. Effects of sodium hypophosphite (SHP) and iron powder (IP) as reductants on PCB removal, as well as the effects of water content in soil, microwave power and the amount of GAC added were investigated. The results indicated that in the presence of SHP and GAC, about 80% of PCBs in soil were effectively removed by 10 min microwave irradiation, and the further addition of IP could raise the average removal efficiency to a higher level, more than 95%. In the removal of PCBs with the microwave/GAC/IP/SHP system, an appropriate amount of water proved to be helpful in promoting the removal of PCBs from soil by steam distillation and in acting as a co-solvent of SHP and H-donor of IP.     

Level and distribution of DDT in surface soils from Tianjin, China

One hundred and eighty eight surface soil samples were collected from the Tianjin area to study the contamination of DDT and its metabolites. Measurements were taken for p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD and o,p'-DDT for all samples. The results indicated that p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE were the predominant contaminant compounds in the surface soil samples, with mean concentrations of 27.5 and 18.8 ng g(-1) respectively. No significant differences in DDT concentrations were found between the soils from wastewater treated irrigated areas and other areas, suggesting that wastewater irrigation is not an important source of DDT in the area. However, the spatial distribution of soil DDTs levels in the area did correlate well with early direct application rates of pesticides. In addition, both pH level and organic carbon content are also known factors affecting the level of DDT and its metabolites. Although it was assumed that the use of these chemicals was banned in the early 1980s, the current concentration levels appear to be too high to be mere residuals after 20 years degradation.     

Reduction of nitroaromatic pesticides with zero-valent iron

Reduction of eleven nitroaromatic pesticides was studied with zero-valent iron powder. Average half-lives ranged from 2.8 to 6.3 h and the parent compounds were completely reduced after 48-96 h. The di-nitro groups of the 2,6-dinitroaniline herbicides were rapidly reduced to the corresponding diamines, with a negligible amount of partially reduced monoamino or nitroso products. Low levels of de-alkylated products were observed after 10 days. The nitro group of the organophosphorus insecticides was reduced dominantly to the monoamines but in a slower rate than the 2,6-dinitroanilines. A trace amount of oxon products was found. Reduction of nitro to amino was also the predominant reaction for the diphenyl ether herbicides. Aromatic de-chlorination and de-alkylation were minor reactions. These amine products were more stable than the parent compounds and 60% or more of the amines were detected after two weeks. Humic acid decreased the reduction rates of pendimethalin, and dichlone (a known quinone redox mediator) counteracted the effect of humic acid on the reactivity. Storage of iron powder under air decreased the reactivity very rapidly due to iron oxidation. Repeated use of iron powder also showed similar results. The reduced activity of air-oxidized iron was recovered by purging with hydrogen, but not nitrogen. Integration of iron powder with hydrogen- and quinone-producing microbial technologies may be a viable mean for remediation of highly oxidized xenobiotics in the environment.     

交通荷载作用下非饱和土的动力特性试验研究

通过泥浆固结法制备大量均一试样,基于改进的可控制吸力式非饱和土C.K.C循环三轴仪进行了动三轴试验,研究了非饱和粉质粘土在交通荷载长期作用下的动强度和变形特性,同时分析了在饱和条件下反复干湿循环对其动强度的影响。结果表明:基质吸力的增加提高了土体抵抗变形的能力,相同动应力及振次条件下,土体的累积塑性应变随着基质吸力的增加而减小;土体的临界循环动应力以及动强度随着基质吸力的增加而增大,但动强度随基质吸力增加而增大的速率随基质吸力的增加而减小;干湿循环对粉质粘土的动强度有显著影响,使得土体的动强度提高。     

灾害经济损失评估理论与方法探讨

首先根据自然灾害经济损失的特点，对自然经济损失进行了比较合理的界定和分类，在此基础上着重对自然灾害直接经济损失和间接经济损失的评估理论和方法进行了探讨。     

Dynamic Changes of Sandy Land in Northwest of Beijing, China

The area northwest of Beijing is one of the most important regions where many organizations invest and pay most attention. The environmental problems in this region affect not only Beijing but also the surrounding area. Based on observation of the characteristics of the change in sandy land, this study classified four types of dynamic change of sandy land, including extended sandy land, the reversely changed sandy land, the potential sandy land and no change in sandy land. Then the process and the trend of changes in sandy land and their environmental impact on the area northwest of Beijing were analyzed. The results show that the area of sandy land has increased in this region in the period of 1991 to 2002. Change between sandy land and grassland was the dominant change. It is found that the monitoring zones of Hunshandake sandy land and north of Yin Shan are regions with high ratio of extended sandy land, and are connected with widespread potential change of sandy land. This implies that these two regions have a high probability of increase in sandy land in the future. On the other hand, in the monitoring zone of Horqin sandy land and Ba Shang Plateau and its surrounding area, desertification had been controlled and the area of sandy land is expected to decrease. This indicates that the direction of the sandstorm to Beijing is expected to gradually move to the northwest. Furthermore, the decreases in sandy land and the reversing change from arable land to grassland and forests in the study region will affect the land quality and atmosphere. And the logistic multiple regression (LMR) model was employed to better understand the complexity and processes of increases in sandy land. This model predicts that there is a high probability of increases in sandy land in north of Siziwang Banner, Zhengxiangbai Banner and Zhenglan Banner. Finally, suggestions to the ecological construction of the study area have been proposed.     

支撑排污许可制度的固定源监测技术体系完善研究

排污许可制度是固定源核心管理制度,对污染源监测技术提出"便捷、智能、精细"的发展要求,依规发证、依证管理2个阶段均需要污染源监测技术的有效支撑.针对当前污染源监测技术体系现状,应进一步完善自行监测技术指南体系,对发证行业指南实施情况跟踪评估,适时修订;为将工业园区纳入核发排污许可证范围扎牢基础,制定工业园区自行监测技术...     

低浓度甲苯的气相光催化降解研究

研究了较低浓度的甲苯在较短停留时间时(17s～83s)的光催化降解,考察了甲苯初始浓度、停留时间、湿度、光源和催化剂载体等因素的影响,并分析了光催化处理降解能力随甲苯负荷的变化.研究表明,在较短停留时间时,甲苯降解率随进口浓度的增大而下降,且停留时间越短,随进口浓度增大而下降的越快;在某一停留时间范围内,甲苯的降解近似遵循一级反应动力学,动力学常数随浓度的增大而增大;低浓度时甲苯的光催化降解受湿度影响较小;低压汞灯为光源时甲苯的光催化降解率显著高于黑光灯为光源时的降解率;涂覆在不锈钢网状上的光催化剂性能随载体目数的增加而提高,但不及涂覆在铝板上的光催化剂.     

新疆地区气溶胶对地表太阳辐射的影响初探

为了进一步认识大气气溶胶对气候环境的影响,基于2017年Aqua MODIS C006气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）产品、CERES SSF Aqua MODIS Edition 4A数据集的地表短波辐射以及地面观测太阳辐射数据,对2017年新疆地区AOD和地表太阳辐射年变化进行研究,并以沙尘和人类活动气溶胶丰富的南疆典型地区喀什为代表城市,采用AccuRT辐射传输模式定量化研究晴空时气溶胶对地表短波辐射的影响.结果表明：①地表太阳辐射月均值最大值出现在和田站的5月,为441.62 W·m^-2,最小值出现在乌鲁木齐站点的12月,为37.03 W·m^-2;CERES/SSF地表短波辐射资料与地面观测结果相比,阿克苏站、焉耆站和伊宁站的差距最小,喀什站和若羌站全年存在高估现象,其他站点存在不同程度的高低估现象.②2017年新疆地区AOD格点平均的年均值最小值为0.0175,最大值为0.4610,南疆地区的AOD整体高于北疆地区;2017年AOD格点春夏季的AOD均值分布与全年均值分布特征相似,其中春季的AOD高值区区域面积高于其他季节.③根据AccuRT计算,当AOD由0.05增加为0.56时,四季的地表向下短波总辐射均呈下降趋势,夏季下降幅度最大,由923.02 W·m^-2变化为677.61 W·m^-2,其次为春季和秋季,冬季下降幅度最小.AOD的减少变化导致的地表向下短波总辐射通量、直射辐射通量和散射辐射通量变化敏感度明显高于AOD增加所导致的变化敏感度.