凹凸棒石的表面修饰及对水中Cr（Ⅵ）吸附动力学和热力学的研究

以壳聚糖为生物质碳源,采用一步水热碳化法对凹凸棒石表面进行有机修饰,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、拉曼(Raman)光谱、元素分析(EA)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、Zeta电势分析、热重分析(TGA)等对改性凹凸棒石进行表征分析.同时,通过静态吸附实验,研究了改性凹凸棒石对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附去除的性能,考察了温度对吸附性能的影响,探讨了吸附动力学和热力学规律.结果表明,改性凹凸棒石表面富含含氧基团和氨基等活性基团;对总铬的吸附行为符合准二级动力学方程;表观吸附活化能为13.4 k J·mol~(-1),表明既有静电吸附,也有配位吸附,且以静电吸附为主;对总铬的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程.在温度为298、308、318和328 K时,最大吸附量分别为203.3、232.6、267.4和322.6 mg·g~(-1),说明改性凹凸棒石是一种新型环保高性能的除铬材料.在研究的温度范围内,ΔH~0为19.8 k J·mol~(-1),ΔG~0为-19.5~-23.7 k J·mol~(-1),ΔS~0为72.1~131.8 J·mol~(-1)·K~(-1),表明该吸附是一吸热的、自发的、熵增过程.     

废旧锌锰电池生物淋滤-水热法制备纳米锰锌铁氧体

以氧化硫硫杆菌(A.thiooxidans)和氧化亚铁钩端螺旋菌(L.ferrooxidans)为混合淋滤菌株对废旧锌锰电池进行了生物浸提,并以获取的淋滤液为前驱体,采用水热法制备出系列锰锌铁氧体软磁材料(Mn_(1-x)Zn_xFe_2O_4,x=0.2~0.8);结合X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜-能谱(SEMEDX)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)、透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)等表征手段对制备材料的结构、形貌、磁学性能和稳定性进行分析.结果表明,在5%固液比(质量体积比,5 g/100 mL,以下均表述为"5%固液比")下,经过5 d的外源酸调控生物浸提,分别获得了84.5%、63.2%的Zn、Mn浸出效率;当Zn∶Mn∶Fe=0.4∶0.6∶2.0(物质的量比,即x=0.4)时,制备的纳米级Mn_(0.6)Zn_(0.4)Fe_2O_4性能最优,属纯相的立方尖晶石结构,颗粒分布均匀,饱和磁化强度(M_s)、剩余磁化强度(M_r)和矫顽力(H_c)分别为68.9 emu·g~(-1)、4.7 emu·g~(-1)和53.6 Oe,具有热稳定性和耐酸碱性,有望成为一种新型的水处理磁性材料.     

构建和谐社会做好服务与保障

沿海城市厦门市政府坚持“以人为本”的理念,切实把防震减灾工作纳入经济建设和社会发展的总体规划,努力营造全社会关心支持防震减灾工作的良好氛围,全面提高防震减灾能力,为构建和谐社会提供了有力的服务与保障。     

巨灾风险的评估与政策

2006年3月．在美国内华达州大学召开了巨大自然灾害风险减轻政策管理顾问论坛会议．会议主题涉及美国巨灾发生发展的趋势、巨灾风险的识别分析评估及其管理政策等。本文主要介绍地震巨灾的风险研究评估和提出的管理政策方案。     

水土气污染与人类自身生产

我国现实之患是旱涝沙,潜在之忧是水土气污染。这里水是指江河湖海和地下水,土是土壤,气为大气。水土气是养育人类的基本环境要素。即使是人类需要的生存环境,也得不到应有的珍惜和保护,这是人类的最大悲哀。960万平方公里陆地和300多万平方公里海洋足以让我国人民活得潇洒自在,健康快     

如何做好城市防震避险工作

对于生活在城市的居民来说,当遇到有感地震和破坏性地震时该如何识别、避险和逃生尤为重要。深入宣传教育,做好防震减灾准备工作心理承受能力与准备的程度成正比。地震知识掌握越多,防震物资准备越充分,思想准备越到位,震时就能够坦然面对,地震发生时就越能做到遇震不慌。反之,对地震常识一无所知,缺乏必要的思想与物资准备,     

Assessment of population exposure to particulate matter pollution in Chongqing, China

To determine the population exposure to PM(10) in Chongqing, China, we developed an indirect model by combining information on the time activity patterns of various demographic subgroups with estimates of the PM(10) concentrations in different microenvironments (MEs). The spatial and temporal variations of the exposure to PM(10) were illustrated in a geographical information system (GIS). The population weighted exposure (PWE) for the entire population was 229, 155 and 211 microg/m(3), respectively, in winter, summer and as the annual average. Indoor PM(10) level at home was the largest contributor to the PWE, especially for the rural areas where high pollution levels were found due to solid fuels burning. Elder people had higher PM(10) exposure than adults and youth, due to more time spent in indoor MEs. The highest health risk due to particulate was found in the city zone and northeast regions, suggesting that pollution abatement should be prioritized in these areas.     

Fate of anilide and aniline herbicides in plant-materials-amended soils

The fate of herbicides trifluralin, pendimethalin, alachlor and metolachlor in paddy field soils amended with plant materials was investigated. The plant materials were purple sesbania, vegetable soybean and rice straw. The investigation was performed at two temperatures (25 and 40 degrees C) and two soil water moistures (60 and 90% water-holding capacity). The results showed linear and Freudlich equations described the adsorption of amide compound to soil. Adsorption coefficient (K(d)) fit to linear equation were in general greater in plant material-amended soils than in non-amended soil, especially in soil amending with rice straw. Increasing temperature and soil water moisture content shortened the half-lives of compounds in various treated soils. The movement of compounds in the soil columns showed the maximum distribution of aniline type compound, trifluralin and pendimethalin, appeared at the upper top of 0 to 5 and 0 to 10 cm of soil column, respectively, and of anilide type, alachlor and metolachlor, were distributed at 0 to 25 cm of the soil column. The mobility of chemicals in the different treated soils was simulated by the behavior assessment model (BAM). There was no significant difference among different plant material incubated soils on dissipation and mobility of compounds in soils.     

Heavy metal leaching from coal fly ash amended container substrates during Syngonium production

Coal fly ash has been proposed to be an alternative to lime amendment and a nutrient source of container substrates for ornamental plant production. A great concern over this proposed beneficial use, however, is the potential contamination of surface and ground water by heavy metals. In this study, three fly ashes collected from Florida, Michigan, and North Carolina and a commercial dolomite were amended in a basal substrate. The formulated substrates were used to produce Syngonium podophyllum Schott 'Berry Allusion' in 15-cm diameter containers in a shaded greenhouse. Leachates from the containers were collected during the entire six months of plant production and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations. There were no detectable As, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se in the leachates; Cd and Mo were only detected in few leachate samples. The metals constantly detected were Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn. The total amounts of Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn leached during the six-month production period were 95, 210, 44, and 337 microg per container, indicating that such amounts in leachates may contribute little to contamination of surface and ground water. In addition, plant growth indices and fresh and dry weights of S. podophyllum 'Berry Allusion' produced from fly ash and dolomite-amended substrates were comparable except for the plants produced from the substrate amended with fly ash collected from Michigan which had reduced growth indices and fresh and dry weights. Thus, selected fly ashes can be alternatives to commercial dolomites as amendments to container substrates for ornamental plant production. The use of fly ashes as container substrate amendments should represent a new market for the beneficial use of this coal combustion byproduct.     

脱水污泥制备含炭吸附剂及其应用研究

采用热解炭化法、物理活化法、化学活化法制备污泥含炭吸附剂,通过静态吸附实验研究各种影响污泥含炭吸附剂吸附性能的因素.实验结果表明,采用化学活化法制得的污泥含炭吸附剂吸附性能最好,在以ZnCl2为活化剂、锯末添加剂投加量为脱水污泥质量的1%、ZnCl2为3 mol/L、活化温度为450 ℃、活化时间为1.5 h、固液质量比(干污泥与活化剂溶液的质量比)为1:4的最佳制备条件下,制得的污泥含炭吸附剂碘吸附值在520 mg/g以上,产物收率>60%,比表面积>230 m2/g,总孔容积为0.35 mL/g,其中微孔容积为0.08 mL/g,中孔容积为0.23 mL/g.利用其处理城市污水,其对COD、色度、TP的去除率好于选定的商品颗粒活性炭.