页岩气开采钻井固体废物的污染特性

选取重庆某地区3个页岩气田作为研究对象,研究了5个钻井平台页岩气开采过程中废水基和油基钻井岩屑中重金属、多环芳烃（PAHs）和石油烃的污染特性.结果表明,两类钻井岩屑中Ba元素平均含量明显高于其他重金属,废水基钻井岩屑的重金属以Zn、Ba、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb为主,废油基钻井岩屑中的重金属以Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ba、As、Cr为主且Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb平均含量超过《危险废物鉴别标准毒性物质含量鉴别》（GB5085.6-2007）标准限值.废水基和油基钻井岩屑中PAHs的范围分别为1.74~14.8mg/kg和302~595mg/kg,均未超过GB5085.6-2007标准限值.废油基钻井岩屑石油烃含量为112~213g/kg,远超GB5085.6-2007标准限值.同时,废水基和油基钻井岩屑中BaP超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》（GB15618-2018）标准限值;废油基钻井岩屑中部分PAHs（BaP、BbF、BkF、DahA）浓度超过《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》（GB36600-2018）中筛选值,岩屑中石油烃含量远超管制值.     

Highly catalytic activity of Mn/SBA-15 catalysts for toluene combustion improved by adjusting the morphology of supports

Rod-like, hexagonal and fiber-like SBA-15 mesoporous silicas were synthesized to support MnO_x for toluene oxidation. This study showed that the morphology of the supports greatly influenced the catalytic activity in toluene oxidation. MnO_x supported on rod-like SBA-15(R-SBA-15) displayed the best catalytic activity and the conversion at 230°C reached more than 90%, which was higher than the other two catalysts. MnO_x species consisted of coexisting MnO_2 and Mn_2O_3 on the three kinds of SBA-15 samples. Large amounts of Mn_2O_3 species were formed on the surface and high oxygen mobility was obtained on MnO_x supported on R-SBA-15, according to the H_2 temperature programmed reduction(H_2-TPR)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) results. The Mn/R-SBA-15 catalyst with greater amounts of Mn_2O_3 species possessed a large amount of surface lattice oxygen, which accelerated the catalytic reaction rate. Therefore, the surface lattice oxygen and high oxygen mobility were critical factors on the catalytic activity of the Mn/R-SBA-15 catalyst.     

我国大气污染源排放清单发展历程和对策建议

为进一步推动我国大气污染源排放清单的发展,详细回顾了我国大气污染源排放清单的发展历程及面临的挑战.我国大气污染源排放清单起步于20世纪80年代,2000年之后尤其是2014年,原环境保护部发布了一系列大气污染源排放清单编制技术指南,使我国大气污染源排放清单工作得到了迅速发展.30多年来基本形成了结合我国实际情况的大气污染源分类、大气污染物排放系数、大气污染物排放量确定方法等大气污染源排放清单相关技术方法.但目前我国尚未建立起排放清单编制的规范化工作程序,国家、省级和城市级环保部门在大气污染源排放清单工作中的分工尚不明晰,清单编制没有融入日常环境管理工作中,现有排放清单工作和研究成果相对分散、缺乏系统性,排放清单对环境管理的支撑作用尚未得到充分发挥.在综合分析了我国大气污染源排放清单取得的进展和面临挑战的基础上,提出如下建议:进一步完善我国大气污染源排放清单技术体系,使排放清单工作制度化、程序化、规范化,明确国家、省级和城市级环保部门在大气污染源排放清单工作中发挥的作用,使大气污染源排放清单成为各级环保部门每年必须完成的工作;进一步推广结合网格化管理、基于区县和乡镇调研的城市大气污染源排放清单编制技术;加强排放清单校核和不确定性分析研究等.      

Variations of bacterial community structure in flooded paddy soil contaminated with herbicide quinclorac

The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was applied to determine the relative genetic complexity of microbial communities in flooded paddy soil treated with herbicide quinclorac (3,7-dichloro-8-quinoline-carboylic acid). The results obtained showed a significant effect of quinclorac on the development of bacterial populations in soils contaminated with different concentrations of the herbicide at the early time after application. In general, however, the number of populations of the same soil sample treated with the same concentration of the quinclorac differed obviously with increasing incubation time within the early 8 weeks. The scale of differences in banding patterns-showed that the microbial community structures of the quinclorac-treated and non-quinclorac-treated soils were not significantly different after 21 weeks of incubation. Quantification, as demonstrated in this paper, was studied by establishing dose-response relationships. Significant pattern variations were quantified. Prominent DGGE bands were excised, cloned and sequenced to gain insight into the identities of predominant bacterial populations. The majority of DGGE band sequences were related to bacterial genera Clostridium, Sphingobacterium, Xanthomonas and Rhodococcus.     

氢气添加对乙醇/空气预混火焰燃烧特性影响的数值模拟研究

通过对不同混合比率的乙醇/氢气/空气燃烧特性进行数值模拟,研究氢气添加量对点火延迟时间、层流燃烧速度、火焰厚度、化学反应滞留时间及组分分布情况的影响。研究发现一定程度上氢气添加量的增加能够缩短混合气体的点火延迟时间,并且氢气对点火延迟时间的影响随着温度的升高而逐渐减小。随着混合比率的增大,层流燃烧速度增大,并且在混合比率大于0.4时显著增大。火焰厚度及化学反应滞留时间随氢气增加而逐渐减小。此外,进一步分析组分分布情况得知氢气添加使火焰中H*、O*、OH*自由基摩尔分数峰值增大,并且H+O+OH摩尔分数峰值与层流燃烧速度存在线性关系。     

矿井避难硐室供氧系统研究

在矿山井下事故发生后的矿工自救中,设置避难硐室是十分必要的.供氧系统是避难硐室内避难人员生存的重要保障,避难硐室具有容载人数多、空间相对较大的特点.针对国内避难硐室采用的地面钻孔供氧、压风供氧、压缩气瓶供氧、化学氧供氧等供氧方式进行了研究,分别通过基本供风量、供氧量等参数的理论计算方法,密闭空间模拟试验的方法来对几种供氧方式进行比较,最终确定避难硐室设置多种供氧方式的必要性,为今后避难硐室供氧系统的构建奠定基础.     

Electrocatalytic oxidation of PCP-Na by a novel nano-PbO2 anode: degradation mechanism and toxicity assessment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study aims at investigating the electrocatalytic oxidation of sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP-Na) using a novel nano-PbO2 powder anode. The...     

基于高通量测序的OMS-2对序批式反应器系统微生物群落的影响

随着纳米材料的广泛应用,越来越多的纳米材料随着废水进入污水处理厂,纳米材料对污水生物处理系统的潜在影响越来越受到重视。探讨了氧化锰八面体分子筛(manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve, OMS-2)纳米颗粒对序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)中活性污泥微生物群落结构的影响;以活性艳红X-3B溶液模拟印染废水,将不同浓度的OMS-2混入稳定运行的SBR中,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序分析技术,对不同SBR中微生物分布规律进行了研究。结果表明:SBR添加0.25 g·L~(-1)的OMS-2后,其COD去除率和脱色率分别提升了6%和13.6%;Illumina MiSeq高通量测序显示,在混入0.25 g·L~(-1)的OMS-2后,SBR内污泥菌群中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的微生物DNA序列操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTU)分别增加了16.8%和96.4%,这2类菌种可能提升了SBR降解有机污染物的能力;不同浓度的OMS-2改变了菌群的多样性和结构,低浓度的OMS-2可以提升微生物菌群的多样性和改变菌群的结构。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明,OMS-2在SBR中存在锰(Ⅳ)/锰(Ⅲ)转变为锰(Ⅱ)的氧化还原反应,该过程可能影响了菌群的组成。研究为纳米材料的实际应用和环境风险提供了参考。     

一种赤腹松鼠种群数量的估计方法

赤腹松鼠剥食树皮的行为对林木危害严重,根据野外长期的观察和研究发现,赤腹松鼠在剥落树皮上遗留下来的上门齿齿印间距具有个体差异,可以用作个体识别的依据.对2003年监测样地内赤腹松鼠在剥落树皮上的齿印间距测量记录,并统计分析以估计赤腹松鼠的个体数量.结果表明:种群数量与危害率的相关系数为0.876,P=0.01,表现出很强的正相关关系;显示在较小面积内,该方法可以用来估计赤腹松鼠的个体数量.同时对该方法的基本条件和局限进行了讨论.图2表4参10     

沈阳市区大气颗粒物元素组分及其分布

本研究采用美国安德逊五段冲击式采样器进行大气颗粒物采样，用中子活化法进行分析，获得４３种元素质量浓度，并求得各种元素的质量中值直径和几何标准差。