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991.
This article considers a planner’s optimum control exercise with environmental pollution and derives a testable link between
the growth rates of consumption and pollution. The link is then empirically estimated for the case of CO2 emissions for a sample consisting of the union of top 25 countries in terms of CO2 emissions, population and per capita GNP. The analysis suggests that the interrelationship between the growth rates of CO2 emission and economic development is mostly significant for countries that have a high level of CO2 emissions and population. 相似文献
992.
J. Ram Pillarisetti Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(1):49-62
What is a ‘sustainable nation’ and how can we identify and rank ‘sustainable nations?’ Are nations producing and consuming in a sustainable way? Although several aggregate indexes have been proposed to answer such questions, comprehensive and internationally comparable data are not available for most of these. This paper quantitatively compares three aggregate indexes of sustainability: the World Bank’s ‘Genuine Savings’ measure, the ‘Ecological Footprint,’ and the ‘Environmental Sustainability Index.’ These three indexes are available for a large number of countries and also seem to be the most influential among the aggregate indexes. This paper first discusses the main limitations and weaknesses of each of these indexes. Subsequently, it shows that rankings of sustainable nations and aggregate assessments of unsustainable world population and world GDP shares vary considerably among these indexes. This disagreement leads to suggestions for analysis and policy. One important insight is that climate change, arguable the most serious threat currently faced by humanity, is not or arbitrarily captured by the indexes. 相似文献
993.
Alexandros Flamos 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(1):89-102
The (usually not professed) truth is that we are not destroying the planet due to lack of technology, but due to lack of application
of technology. Indeed, opportunities exist for renewable energy technologies’ diffusion under the new climate change regime
as they contribute to global sustainability through GHG mitigation and, they conform to national priorities by leading to
the enhancement of local economic activity, capacities and infrastructure. The clean development mechanism (CDM), although
is considered one of the global policy tools to contribute to sustainable development and technology transfer, has recently
been criticised for its unequal distribution of projects across countries and for insufficiently being embedded in developing
countries’ national energy context. In the above framework, this article presents the ENTTRANS approach, five indicative renewable
energy technologies, and insights about a more effective application of CDM, which may be part of the international process
striving towards sustainable development. 相似文献
994.
Hong Wang 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(4):481-490
Under the current situation of environmental pollution and resources shortage, the research of corporate environmental responsibility
(CER) is of great importance to promote the sustainable development of society. The article adopts the perspective of the
Stakeholder Theory and environmental management to make the empirical analysis of CER. Consequently designed questionnaire
investigation is carried out among 30 Shanghai enterprises during 2007 and 2008. Through the correlation analysis, principal
component analysis, factor ordering, and variables reappearance of key factors, seven key indexes are identified in the original
35 variables. This article aims to provide reference for enterprise environmental management and forwards the study of Corporate
Social Responsibility. 相似文献
995.
Exporting natural capital: the foreign eco-footprint on Costa Rica and implications for sustainability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
As the world economy ‘globalizes’, trade has become a major mechanism by which much of the human population supports its needs.
While trade in resource commodities (natural income) can increase the well-being of people in both exporting and importing
countries, it can also lead to depletion of natural capital and the loss of ecosystems integrity. In recent years, various
researchers have attempted to address this problem using a consumption-based perspective on ecological change. Their work
shows that the loss of ecosystem integrity in almost any region of the world can be attributed to both local and international
consumer demand. This paper illustrates the utility of modified eco-footprint analysis in assessing export-related ecological
change in Costa Rica. We quantify ecological footprint of consumers around the world on the productive ecosystems of Costa
Rica, document the changing character of this footprint and highlight some of the linkages between production for export in
Costa Rica and ecological degradation. We then discuss the implications of the increasing trade-based entanglement of nations
for ecosystems and global sustainability. 相似文献
996.
Research into national innovation systems (NISs) has received extensive academic and policy attention, and is especially relevant
with latecomer countries seeking to innovate in challenging industrial environments. In playing catch up with their early
industrializing counterparts, methods of learning take on increased importance in determining industrial success for latecomers.
The wind turbine technology innovation system is one that is highly dependent on both the extent of the national learning
processes and the strength of the national social-institutional setting. This research investigates the case of Taiwan, a
country which has embarked on a program to build its national innovative capacity in wind turbine technologies with specific
emphasis on Taiwan’s social sector. Within this system, the spotlight will be on four types of learning processes that interplay
during wind turbine development: learning by searching, learning by doing, learning by using, and learning by interacting. Through a case study of the emergence of Taiwan’s burgeoning large-scale wind power technology initiatives, the paper aims
to add to the understanding on how methods of learning impact upon the success of innovation systems. The findings show that
the industry’s future prospects are constrained because of the limited learning by interacting processes between turbine component producers, turbine owners, and researchers and because of weaknesses in the institutional
framework. This research also recognizes the importance that culture has on dominant forms of learning. 相似文献
997.
Kris A. G. Wyckhuys Robert J. O’Neil 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(3):297-311
In subsistence farming systems of the developing world, adoption of resource-conserving practices such as integrated pest
management (IPM) is often strikingly low. This has partially been ascribed to researchers’ limited understanding of how technologies
develop at the interface of the systems’ social and ecological components. In Honduras (Central America), there exists concern
about limited adoption and diffusion of IPM technologies in certain smallholder production systems. In this study, we determine
social and ecological drivers of IPM adoption in subsistence maize production in the country’s hillside environment. Honduran
small-scale maize production is typified by a key insect pest (the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda) being partly kept at bay through action of a diverse natural enemy complex, including ants, social wasps, carabid beetles,
and spiders. Local agricultural landscapes, primarily shaped through shifting cultivation, provide key resources to maintain
this natural enemy diversity. These local ecological conditions and related natural enemy abundance strongly influence farmers’
agroecological knowledge and pest management practices. In the meantime, farmer practices are also affected by local communication
networks, which help validate and spread IPM concepts and technologies. Based on our findings, we advocate a holistic approach
to improve IPM extension through mapping of agroecological opportunities, visualization of regional patterns in farmer knowledge,
and associated priority setting. Local IPM capacity could be built through institutional strengthening and adaptive comanagement,
while IPM training should be linked with natural resource management initiatives. These approaches may eventually improve
the way IPM is delivered to small-scale farmers who operate in the ecologically diverse environments of the tropics. 相似文献
998.
Uchechukwu Ugwuh Solomon 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2010,12(6):1069-1080
Campaigns to mitigate environmental degradation problems have failed in recent years due to not only the inability to identify
the actual causes of the problems but also the approach followed in addressing these problems. This study gives a detailed
consideration to the roles played by environmental education, ethics and law in environmental enhancement and protection with
the aim of identifying the one that has made the most progress toward reducing the impact of environmental problems. Knowledge
of this is necessary as it will help determine the starting point of any environmental sustainability campaign and direct
efforts toward this. The findings of this study show that the importance of the three disciplines in environmental enhancement
and protection cannot be over-looked, and it identifies environmental ethics as both an interconnector of the other two disciplines
and the force that propels them into action. 相似文献
999.
1000.
According to various reports, climate change is responsible for the change in rainfall amount and pattern accompanied by the
various degrees of extreme events in Sahelian West Africa in recent years. Other reports also suggest that there has been
a “recovery” of the rainy season (Nicholson 2005). In this study, temporal characteristics of meteorological droughts in the Volta basin, a semi-arid region in West Africa,
are investigated in order to provide a guide for sustainable water resource management. For this purpose, drought intensity,
areal extent and recurrence frequency is analysed using the standardised precipitation index (SPI) for a time series between
1961 and 2005 from 52 meteorology stations across the Volta basin. Using this analysis the severity of the historical droughts
of 1961, 1970, 1983, 1992 and 2001 that occurred in the region are assessed and their intensity, areal extent and return periods
are obtained. The drought intensity is lower than −2.0 over nearly 75% of the region, meaning that a major part of the region
was under extreme drought conditions during this year. The drought of 1983/1984 has a probability of occurrence of up to 0.1
from records spanning 44 years. The areal extent of extreme drought conditions is about 90% during this drought period. 相似文献