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排序方式: 共有197条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
Joanna M. Setchell Marie J. E. Charpentier Issa-Ben Bedjabaga Patricia Reed E. Jean Wickings Leslie A. Knapp 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,61(2):305-315
Honest advertisement models of sexual selection propose that exaggerated secondary sexual ornaments are condition-dependent, and that only individuals with superior disease resistance will be able to express costly ornamentation. Studies of secondary sexual ornamentation and their maintenance by sexual selection tend to focus on males. However, females may also possess showy ornaments. We investigated whether female ornaments, in the form of sexual swellings, reliably signal female fitness in a semifree-ranging colony of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) at the Centre International de Recherches Médicales, Franceville (CIRMF), Gabon. We measured swelling height and width using photographs of periovulatory females over three mating seasons and compared swelling size with parasitism (using fecal analysis over one annual cycle), immune status (ratio of lymphocytes to neutrophils in blood smears made during captures), and genetic diversity (microsatellite heterozygosity). Swelling size varied by up to 10% between cycles in individual females, giving some support to the hypothesis that size differences may indicate the quality of individual swelling cycles. However, there was no significant difference in swelling size between conceptive and nonconceptive cycles. Measures of swelling size varied more between females than within females across swelling cycles, implying that swelling size was a relatively consistent characteristic of individual females. Swelling size was not significantly related to either general measures of parasitism and immune status, or to the closest available measures to each swelling cycle. Nor was swelling size significantly related to genetic diversity. The healthy, provisioned nature of the colony and problems associated with observational, correlational studies restrict interpretation of our data. However, in combination with previous findings that females of higher reproductive success do not show larger swellings, and that males do not allocate mating effort as a function of swelling size, these results imply that sexual swelling size does not indicate female quality in these semifree-ranging mandrills. 相似文献
62.
Conservation Biology at Twenty 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
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Global targets for the percentage area of land protected, such as 30% by 2030, have gained increasing prominence, but both their scientific basis and likely effectiveness have been questioned. As with emissions-reduction targets based on desired climate outcomes, percentage-protected targets combine values and science by estimating the area over which conservation actions are required to help achieve desired biodiversity outcomes. Protected areas are essential for achieving many biodiversity targets, in part because many species are highly sensitive to human-associated disturbance. However, because the contribution of protected areas to biodiversity outcomes is contingent on their location, management, governance, threats, and what occurs across the broader landscape matrix, global percentage-protected targets are unavoidably empirical generalizations of ecological patterns and processes across diverse geographies. Percentage-protected targets are insufficient in isolation but can complement other actions and contribute to biodiversity outcomes within a framework that balances accuracy and pragmatism in a global context characterized by imperfect biodiversity data. Ideally, percentage-protected targets serve as anchors that strengthen comprehensive national biodiversity strategies by communicating the level of ambition necessary to reverse current trends of biodiversity loss. If such targets are to fulfill this role within the complex societal process by which both values and science impel conservation actions, conservation scientists must clearly communicate the nature of the evidence base supporting percentage-protected targets and how protected areas can function within a broader landscape managed for sustainable coexistence between people and nature. A new paradigm for protected and conserved areas recognizes that national coordination, incentives, and monitoring should support rather than undermine diverse locally led conservation initiatives. However, the definition of a conserved area must retain a strong focus on biodiversity to remain consistent with the evidence base from which percentage-protected targets were originally derived. 相似文献
65.
Lee W. Cooper Jacqueline M. Grebmeier I. L. Larsen Scott S. Dolvin Andrew J. Reed 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(1-3):27-46
Abstract Extensive surveys of sediment burdens of radiocaesium, specifically 137Cs, and other radioactive contaminants in the Arctic during the 1990′s, indicate that almost all anthropogenic radionuclides buried on continental shelves adjacent to Alaska are derived from global bomb fallout. the 137Cs (half-life: 30.2y) activities observed in surface (0–4 cm) marine sediments however, vary widely, albeit much less than the expected current inventory resulting from bomb fallout at this latitude (~100mBq cm?2). This observed geographical variation provided the opportunity to evaluate physical and biological mechanisms that may affect caesium biogeochemistry on Arctic continental shelves. We investigated whether high biological productivity in portions of the Bering and Chukchi Seas is effective in removing dissolved radiocaesium from the water column, and whether biological production in overlying water affects total radiocaesium inventories in sediments. Based upon C/N ratios in the organic fraction of shallow sediments, we found no evidence that higher inventories or surface activities of radiocaesium are present in areas with higher deposition of particulate organic matter. Based upon stable carbon isotope ratios of organic matter in sediments, we found no evidence that terrestrial runoff contributes proportionally to higher surface activities, although terrestrial runoff may affect total inventories of the radionuclide. Radiocaesium content of surface sediments was significantly correlated with total organic carbon content of sediments and the proportion of sediments in the finest sediment fractions. Because high current flow can also be expected to influence distributions of those sedimentary parameters, we conclude that re-distribution of 相似文献
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67.
Reed F. Noss Jennifer M. Cartwright Dwayne Estes Theo Witsell Gregg Elliott Daniel Adams Matthew Albrecht Ryan Boyles Patrick Comer Chris Doffitt Don Faber-Langendoen JoVonn Hill William C. Hunter Wesley M. Knapp Michael E. Marshall Jason Singhurst Christopher Tracey Jeffrey Walck Alan Weakley 《Conservation biology》2021,35(6):1715-1724
Despite its successes, the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) has proven challenging to implement due to funding limitations, workload backlog, and other problems. As threats to species survival intensify and as more species come under threat, the need for the ESA and similar conservation laws and policies in other countries to function efficiently has grown. Attempts by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to streamline ESA decisions include multispecies recovery plans and habitat conservation plans. We address species status assessment (SSA), a USFWS process to inform ESA decisions from listing to recovery, within the context of multispecies and ecosystem planning. Although existing SSAs have a single-species focus, ecosystem-based research can efficiently inform multiple SSAs within a region and provide a foundation for transition to multispecies SSAs in the future. We considered at-risk grassland species and ecosystems within the southeastern United States, where a disproportionate number of rare and endemic species are associated with grasslands. To initiate our ecosystem-based approach, we used a combined literature-based and structured World Café workshop format to identify science needs for SSAs. Discussions concentrated on 5 categories of threats to grassland species and ecosystems, consistent with recommendations to make shared threats a focus of planning under the ESA: (1) habitat loss, fragmentation, and disruption of functional connectivity; (2) climate change; (3) altered disturbance regimes; (4) invasive species; and (5) localized impacts. For each threat, workshop participants identified science and information needs, including database availability, research priorities, and modeling and mapping needs. Grouping species by habitat and shared threats can make the SSA process and other planning processes for conservation of at-risk species worldwide more efficient and useful. We found a combination of literature review and structured discussion effective for identifying the scientific information and analysis needed to support the development of multiple SSAs. Article impact statement: Species status assessments can be improved by an ecosystem-based approach that groups imperiled species by shared habitats and threats. 相似文献
68.
The intracellular concentrations of low-molecular weight carbohydrates and quaternary ammonium compounds present in 26 axenic isolates of unicellular cyanobacteria have been studied over a range of external salinity from freshwater up to 300% seawater (100%=35 S). In all cases, a single carbohydrate, either sucrose or glucosylglycerol, was identified as the principal organic osmoticum, showing major variation in response to the external salt concentration; quaternary ammonium compounds were present in osmotically insignificant amounts. Glucosylglycerol was accumulated as primary osmoticum by nine of the isolates from saline habitats and by five of the freshwater isolates; trace amounts of sucrose were also prsent. The remaining twelve freshwater strains accumulated sucrose as sole osmoticum. Glucosylglycerol-accumulating strains grew over the widest salinity range (up to 200 to 250% seawater), whether isolated from saline or non-saline habitats. Sucrose-accumulating strains were more stenohaline, growing only in up to 50 to 100% seawater and showing no sustained growth in hypersaline media (>100% seawater). The data suggest that (1) glycosylglycerol accumulation is not unique to marine cyanobacteria, and (2) the upper salinity limit for growth may be linked to organic solute accumulation, rather than habitat, with glucosylglycerol-accumulating isolates having a greater potential for growth in salt-stressed conditions than sucrose accumulators. 相似文献
69.
Endangered Species Left Homeless in Sweet Home 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
70.
Mapping the Conservation Landscape 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12