A statistics-based system for treatment plant operation

This paper describes work toward development of a convenient computer system to improve everyday operation and control of the wastewater treatment process. The goal is to help the operator detect the problems in the process and to select appropriate control actions. The system comprises subsystems for a data base management, data analysis including several statistical methods, and an expert advisory system. The statistical methods investigated include construction of external reference distributions, computation of moving averages, graphical methods, discriminant functions for early detection of upsets, and several kinds of control charts. The latter two methods are still under development and are not built into the system. Reference distributions are used to help define the fuzzy terms such as high and low for the conditions of the variables involved in the expert system control rules. The system is written in dBase-III and Lotus-123 and has a user-friendly interface for the communication between the user and the system.     

Vulnerability to the health effects of climate variability in rural southwestern Uganda

Vulnerability to the health impacts of climate change will be shaped by the existing burden of ill- health and is expected to be highest in poor and socio-economically marginalized populations. Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, is considered a highly vulnerable region. This paper analyses the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of rural Bakiga communities in southwestern Uganda to climate-sensitive health risks. The objectives were threefold: i) identify key climate-sensitive, community-identified health priorities; ii) describe and characterize determinants of sensitivity to these health priorities at the individual, community and regional levels; and iii) assess the adaptive capacity of Bakiga. Data collection employed a combination of individual and key informant interviews, biographies, future storylines, and Photovoice. Three key health risks were identified by the study communities (malaria, food insecurity, and gastrointestinal illnesses) – all affected by local climatic and environmental conditions, livelihoods, land use changes, and socio-economic conditions. Adaptation within these communities is dependent on their capacity to reduce sensitivities to identified health challenges among the potential of increasing exposures. Crop diversification, reducing deforestation, expanding of livestock rearing, transfer of traditional knowledge, and access to affordable health services are among potential strategies identified. We demonstrate significant existing vulnerabilities to present day climate-related health risks and highlight the importance of non-climatic processes and local conditions in creating sensitivity to health risks. Our place-based understanding is useful to inform interventions or policies aimed to reduce exposure and sensitivity and support adaptive capacity as the conditions these communities face are consistent with many other sub-Saharan African countries.     

洪泽湖地区土地利用与景观格局演变

基于多时点 TM/ETM影像解译数据,运用遥感、GIS和景观生态学方法,分析洪泽湖地区近 18 a的土地利用变化和景观格局演变过程,揭示该地区内各种土地利用时空变化特征,并得出3个时期景观类型分布特征、景观格局变化的趋势及特征。结果表明：（1）区域内土地利用变化显著,整体处于不平衡的状态,主要表现为耕地持续减少、建设用地迅速增加、林地先增后减及草地和水域略有增加;（2）研究区景观结构和景观异质性发生了较大变化,斑块数目增加、平均斑块面积减少,景观多样性指数、景观均匀度指数总体上升,在区域景观破碎化程度加剧的同时,各景观类型间差异缩小,景观结构趋于多样化、均匀化和破碎化。最后,指出人类活动,尤其是经济建设是土地利用景观格局变化的主要因素,并对地区的生态可持续发展提出了相应建议     

养猪场废水处理工艺研究

采用接触氧化－水解－两段接触氧化－混凝工艺处理高浓度养殖废水,通过试验得到最佳工艺参数,在最佳试验条件下,进水ＣＯＤｃｒ小于５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ,经处理后出水ＣＯＤｃｒ平均去地９７％,ＢＯＤ５去除率大于９８％,氨氮去除率大于９６％,各项主要指标可达污水综合排放标准一级标准。     

西部中小城市低碳城市规划的实践和思考——以四川省广元市为例

我国快速城市化面临全球气候变化的巨大挑战。城市作为CO2的高排放区,节能减排将对我国的城市发展模式与格局产生深远影响。本文以四川广元市为例,首先综述低碳城市规划的内涵,然后探讨广元市低碳城市规划的框架体系及各组成要素,并总结广元市低碳城市规划过程中遇到的挑战和问题。文章认为:西部中小城市低碳城市规划是我国低碳城市发展战略的重要组成部分,是促进西部城市转变发展模式、推进西部大开发的重要保障。     

韦伯命题与环境伦理的演变

生态环境问题始终沿着人类社会发展的轨迹演进,探究这一现象背后的精神动因,会发现新教伦理既推动了人类社会的发展,又与人类中心主义的思想渊源相契合,使生态环境状况日益恶化。生态中心主义否定了人类统治自然的合法性,将价值主体沿着新教伦理的逻辑方向扩大到自然,但却忽视了人类在环境演变进程中的能动作用。而人与自然和谐相处的思想则是对人类中心主义和生态中心主义的择优,既张扬了人类的理性和智慧,又承认了自然与人类的平等地位,这是韦伯命题的又一巨大贡献。     

臭氧-催化技术治理低浓度气体污染物

在对臭氧－催化技术及其发展现状评述的基础上,分别考察了铂－钯催化剂（Pt-Pd/Al2O3）对DMMP、CH4、C6H6、F22、CO催化氧化和臭氧催化 氧化的反应性能。结果表明,催化作用和臭氧催化氧化作用所要求的反应温度范围相近并低于250℃,才能很好地协同作用。臭氧－催化技术竽起燃温度低、易氧化气体污染物的处理。     

几种大型底栖生物对Cd,Zn,Cu的积累实验研究

参照国家海水水质标准,在一系列低浓度Cd,Zn,Cu的海水中,对几种大型底栖生物进行了长约5个月的积累实验研究。结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,紫贻贝、魁蚶、褶牡蛎》、菲律宾蛤和刺海参对Cd都有一定程度的积累,且其体内Cd浓度与环境海水Cd浓度间有一定的相关关系,可比较好地指示海水Cd污染。褶牡蛎对Zn有很强的累积能力,其体内Zn浓度与环境海水Zn浓度之间有一定相关关系;紫贻贝对Zn的积累能力较褶牡蛎弱,在一定浓度范围内表现为调节;其他实验生物积累Zn能力很小。研究还表明,紫贻贝、魁蚶、菲律宾蛤、褶牡蛎和栉孔扇贝只有在Cu浓度低于0.02mg/L的海水中,存活才超过50天,其中紫贻贝与褶牡蛎对Cu有一定的积累。     

土壤及作物中农药残留量所揭示的问题

1991、1992年在河南、河北等省施用林丹防治小麦害虫地区跟踪监测:林丹在小麦及土壤中的残留量全部符合标准。土壤及小麦中残留量中位数分别为50.8μg/kg和11.9μg/kg.土壤中滴滴涕残留量偏高,是由于防治红蜘蛛时施用三氯杀螨醇,而三氯杀螨醇原药中含有滴滴涕所致。      

底栖生物群落结构变化多元变量统计分析

在生物物种水平上,对原始生物丰度数据经过四次方根变换,采用Bray－Curtis相似性测量和组间平均聚类分析,以及MDS序列分析等多元统计分析方法,评价了大连潮间带大型底栖生物群落结构变化。结果表明,多元统计分析方法正确展示了由于污染梯度变化引起的群落结构梯度变化关系。与生物多样性指数方法分析结果比较,多元统计分析方法分析污染群落结构变化较灵敏。