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31.
32.
Contributing to the debate on the causes of Himalayan environmental degradation, the status and management of four watersheds
in the Upper Pokhara Valley were studied using information available from land use analysis, household surveys conducted in
1989 and 1992, deliberations held with villagers, and field observations. Accordingly, areas under forests and grazing lands
were found being depleted at relatively high rates between 1957 and 1978 due mainly to the government policy of increasing
national revenue by expansion of agricultural lands, nationalization of forests, steadily growing population, and dwindling
household economy. Despite the steady growth of population, this process had remarkably slackened since 1978, owing primarily
to remaining forests being located in very, steep slopes and implementation of the community forestry program. Forests with
relatively sparase tree density, however, and grazing lands in the vicinity of settlements have been undergoing degradation
due to fuelwood and fodder collection and livestock grazing. In many instances, this is aggravated by weak resource management
institutions. Being particularly aware of the economic implication of land degradation, farmers have adopted assorted land
management practices. Still a substantial proportion ofbari lands in the hill slopes is vulnerable to accelerating degradation, as the arable cropping system is being practiced there
as well. The perpetuation of the local subsistence economy is certain to lead, to a further deterioration of the socioeconomic
and environmental conditions of watersheds. To facilitate environmental conservation and ecorestructuring for sustainable
development, a broad watershed management strategy is outlined with focus on alleviating pressure on natural resources. 相似文献
33.
Issues in natural resources management in developing countries 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Recognizing the steady depletion of natural resources in developing countries, this study analyses its causes by focusing on the ownership of such resources. Resource degradation was found associated with an array of individual, socioeconomic, politicoeconomic and institutional factors. In the pursuit of sustainable regional resources management and conservation, it is necessary to analyse and incorporate these multifarious factors into the design of a comprehensive strategy. While local government should be responsible for devising management strategies, their implementation requires the interfacing of field agencies with local communities that are to be assisted in the short term and instructed in depth; their performance should be closely monitored over the long term. 相似文献
34.
Sagar Kafle Ranjan Parajuli Kshitij Adhikari Seung Hee Euh Kwang Cheol Oh Yun Sung Choi 《International Journal of Green Energy》2018,15(1):1-7
In the current study, the potential of forest-based biomass supply for the pellet production in Nepal is investigated. This study showed that about 2.76 million tonnes (Mt) biomass in the form of pellets are potentially available from forest-based biomass. Considering a processing capacity of 6 tonnes (t)/hr of a pellet plant, the production cost of the pellets was calculated to be $43.53/t. Pellets are generally used as fuel to produce thermal energy in industries, which helps to save the economy and the environment of the country. 相似文献
35.
Gopal Datt Bhatta Hemant Raj Ojha Pramod Kumar Aggarwal V. Rasheed Sulaiman Parvin Sultana Dhanej Thapa Nimisha Mittal Khemraj Dahal Paul Thomson Laxman Ghimire 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2017,19(2):497-525
While impacts of climate change on agricultural systems have been widely researched, there is still limited understanding of what agricultural innovations have evolved over time in response to both climatic and non-climatic drivers. Although there has been some progress in formulating national adaptation policies and strategic planning in different countries of South Asia, research to identify local-level adaptive strategies and practices is still limited. Through eight case studies and a survey of 300 households in 15 locations in India, Nepal and Bangladesh, this paper generates empirical evidence on emerging agricultural innovations in contrasting socio-economic, geographical and agro-ecological contexts. The study demonstrates that several farm practices (innovations) have emerged in response to multiple drivers over time, with various forms of institutional and policy support, including incentives to reduce risks in the adoption of innovative practice. It further shows that there is still limited attempt to systematically mainstream adaptation innovations into local, regional and national government structures, policies and planning processes. The paper shows that the process of farm-level adaptation through innovation adoption forms an important avenue for agricultural adaptation in South Asia. A key implication of this finding is that there is a need for stronger collaborations between research institutions, extension systems, civil society and the private sector actors to enhance emerging adaptive innovations at the farm level. 相似文献
36.
Thapa Shanti Ha Tae Young Lee Heonsuk Adelodun Adedeji A. Min Jo Young 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2018,20(1):293-301
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Direct disposal of flue gas scrubbing-derived waste water with a high level (9000–10,000 mg/L) of ammonium ion (NH4 +) into aquatic... 相似文献
37.
Ranjit Bahadur Gazala Habib Lynn M. Russell 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(9):1591-1602
In this work we have compared ground-based measurements of organic carbon (OC) in the fine aerosol (PM2.5) fraction that are reported in peer-reviewed publications as part of both short campaigns and continuous monitoring networks. The comparison provides a quantitative review of global OC measurements for the purpose of establishing the extent to which organic aerosol concentrations are known with sufficient geographic and historical resolution to constrain global climate models. Only North America has sufficient measurements to provide meaningful spatial and temporal trends, although available measurements from China and Japan indicate that the Asian region is the most polluted with OC concentrations of approximately 10 μg m?3. These measurements have a low spatial resolution, with most sites located in highly urban areas within a small geographic region. OC concentrations in North America are approximately 1 μg m?3 and are better characterized spatially, temporally, and historically by continuous monitoring networks established decades ago. OC concentration shows a weakly increasing trend in some regions from 1997 to 2006, although in most regions it has remained effectively constant over the last ten years. Eastern U.S. sites show maximum OC in the winter and western U.S. sites show maximum OC in the summer. There is no correlation at U.S. sites between OC concentration and sulfate, nitrate, or ammonium ions, with R2 < 0.1 in each case. 相似文献
38.
Soil erosion is accelerating in developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It has threatened the livelihood
of millions of peasants, for agriculture is their economic mainstay. A probe into the forces causing erosion reveals that
the elite’s resolve to accumulate ever more wealth and to maintain, consolidate, or expand their sociopolitical power and
the necessity of the poor to fulfill their requirements of food, fuelwood, and fodder are the two major factors accelerating
soil erosion. Unless the vast masses of poor people are integrated into the national mainstream through the implementation
of equitable and redistributive development policies, it is impossible to control the accelerating rate of soil erosion and
thus to achieve the objective of sustainable development.
In this article, the phenomenon “soil erosion” is studied with the sol e focus on causation through anthropogenic factors. 相似文献
39.
40.
The Pitons Management Area (PMA) World Heritage Site is one of the most visited tourist attractions in St. Lucia. Given the magnitude of the tourism industry in St. Lucia in general, coupled with the expanding growth of tourism in the PMA, the need to adopt a sustainable approach to tourism development is imperative. Identifying visitors as a key stakeholder group in sustainable tourism development, this study examined their perspectives and support for sustainable tourism development in the PMA. More specifically, it examined visitors’ environmental, economic, and social attitudes based on a sustainable tourism development framework and explored the effect and best predictive validity of attitudes on support for sustainable tourism development. Results indicated that attitudes were generally positive, and as each of the respective attitudes increased, visitors’ level of support for sustainable tourism development at the PMA also increased. The Economic Attitudinal Index had the highest predictive power, followed by the Social Attitudinal Index. The Environmental Attitudinal Index was not significant although it was strongly correlated in the bivariate analysis. Implications of the findings for the sustainable development of tourism in the PMA are discussed. 相似文献