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101.
Donald E. Kroodsma W. Roger Meservey Alison L. Whitlock W. Matthew VanderHaegen 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1984,15(2):127-131
Summary Male blue-winged warblers (Vermivora pinus) sing two distinctly different song types (I and II). Type II songs from eastern New York and western Massachusetts, USA, are different (Fig. 1), and during playback experiments males respond stronger to local than to foreign songs (Fig. 2). Type I songs are more stereotyped geographically (Fig. 1), and males do not differentiate between local and foreign Type I songs (Fig. 3). Differing degrees of intra- and inter-sexual selection on these two forms may have promoted variability in Type II songs and stereotypy in Type I songs among locations. 相似文献
102.
103.
104.
Ectomycorrhizal fungal tissues comprise a significant forest-litter pool. Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi may also influence the decomposition of other forest-litter components via competitive interactions with decomposer fungi and by ensheathing fine roots. Because of these direct and indirect effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi, the factors that control the decomposition of EM fungi will strongly control forest-litter decomposition as a whole and, thus, ecosystem nutrient and carbon cycling. Some have suggested that chitin, a component of fungal cell walls, reduces fungal tissue decomposition because it is relatively recalcitrant. We therefore examined the change in chitin concentrations of EM fungal tissues during decomposition. Our results show that chitin is not recalcitrant relative to other compounds in fungal tissues and that its concentration is positively related to the decomposition of fungal tissues. Variation existing among EM fungal isolates in chitin concentration suggests that EM fungal community structure influences C and nutrient cycling. 相似文献
105.
Herbert RB 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2011,123(1-2):30-39
Organic substrates in reactive barrier systems are often heterogeneous material mixtures with relatively large contrasts in hydraulic conductivity and porosity over short distances. These short-range variations in material properties imply that preferential flow paths and diffusion between regions of higher and lower hydraulic conductivity may be important for treatment efficiency. This paper presents the results of a laboratory column experiment where denitrification is investigated using a heterogeneous reactive substrate (sawdust mixed with sewage sludge). Displacement experiments with a non-reactive solute at three different flow rates are used to estimate transport parameters using a dual porosity non-equilibrium model. Parameter estimation from breakthrough curves produced relatively consistent values for the fraction of the porosity consisting of mobile water (β) and the mass transfer coefficient (α), with average values of 0.27 and 0.42 d(-1), respectively. The column system removes >95% of the influent nitrate at low and medium flow, but only 50-75% of the influent nitrate at high flow, suggesting that denitrification kinetics and diffusive mass transfer rates are limiting the degree of treatment at lower hydraulic residence times. Reactive barrier systems containing dual porosity media must therefore consider mass transfer times in their design; this is often most easily accommodated by adjusting flowpath length. 相似文献
106.
Jean-Luc de Kok Guy Engelen Roger White Herman G. Wind 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2001,6(2):123-132
RaMCo is a prototype version of a decision-support system for coastal-zone management. The model is based on the findings of a multidisiciplinary research program, conducted in Southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia. Different management strategies can be compared on the basis of the short- and long-term consequences. Land-use change has been included in RaMCo in view of the impacts of land-based human activities on the marine environment. The key aspect of the model is a combination of the temporal dynamics of land-use change on the regional (macro-level) scale and spatial dynamics on the local (micro-level) scale. Constrained cellular automata are used to integrate both scale levels. The state changes of the cells depend on the consistency with the macro-scale model, local geographical conditions, and interaction with neighboring cells. In this paper, we discuss the underlying theoretical assumptions of the macro-scale and micro-scale models, some characteristic results for land-use change in the study area, and the validation problem. 相似文献
107.
Sarah E. Crawford Catrina Brüll nee Cofalla Benedikt Aumeier Markus Brinkmann Elisa Classen Verena Esser Caroline Ganal Elena Kaip Roger Häussling Frank Lehmkuhl Peter Letmathe Anne-Katrin Müller Ilja Rabinovitch Klaus Reicherter Jan Schwarzbauer Marco Schmitt Georg Stauch Matthias Wessling Süleyman Yüce Markus Hecker Karen A. Kidd Rolf Altenburger Werner Brack Holger Schüttrumpf Henner Hollert 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2017,29(1):23
Protecting our water resources in terms of quality and quantity is considered one of the big challenges of the twenty-first century, which requires global and multidisciplinary solutions. A specific threat to water resources, in particular, is the increased occurrence and frequency of flood events due to climate change which has significant environmental and socioeconomic impacts. In addition to climate change, flooding (or subsequent erosion and run-off) may be exacerbated by, or result from, land use activities, obstruction of waterways, or urbanization of floodplains, as well as mining and other anthropogenic activities that alter natural flow regimes. Climate change and other anthropogenic induced flood events threaten the quantity of water as well as the quality of ecosystems and associated aquatic life. The quality of water can be significantly reduced through the unintentional distribution of pollutants, damage of infrastructure, and distribution of sediments and suspended materials during flood events. To understand and predict how flood events and associated distribution of pollutants may impact ecosystem and human health, as well as infrastructure, large-scale interdisciplinary collaborative efforts are required, which involve ecotoxicologists, hydrologists, chemists, geoscientists, water engineers, and socioeconomists. The research network “project house water” consists of a number of experts from a wide range of disciplines and was established to improve our current understanding of flood events and associated societal and environmental impacts. The concept of project house and similar seed fund and boost fund projects was established by the RWTH Aachen University within the framework of the German excellence initiative with support of the German research foundation (DFG) to promote and fund interdisciplinary research projects and provide a platform for scientists to collaborate on innovative, challenging research. Project house water consists of six proof-of-concept studies in very diverse and interdisciplinary areas of research (ecotoxicology, water, and chemical process engineering, geography, sociology, economy). The goal is to promote and foster high-quality research in the areas of water research and flood-risk assessments that combine and build off-laboratory experiments with modeling, monitoring, and surveys, as well as the use of applied methods and techniques across a variety of disciplines. 相似文献
108.
109.
Roger W. Parker Timothy D. Phillips Leon F. Kubena Leon H. Russell Norman D. Heidelbaugh 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):77-91
Abstract Penicillic acid and ochratoxin A are environmentally important toxic fungal metabolites (mycotoxins) that are synergistic in combination. The effects of penicillic acid on the pancreatic enzyme, :arboxypeptidase A were investigated in vitro and in vivo. A broad range of inhibition in vitro of the enzyme by PA was demonstrated with a half‐maximal inhibitory concentration equal to 1.1 x 10‐4M PA. Inhibition of carboxypeptidase A was time and temperature dependent, and resulted in decreased conversion of parent ochratoxin A to the non‐toxic metabolite, ochratoxin alpha. Studies in vivo demonstrated a penicillic acid‐dependent inhibition of pancreatic carboxypeptidase A activity in the mouse and the chicken following multiple oral exposure. It is postulated that the mode of toxic interaction of the two mycotoxins may be due, in part, to impaired detoxification of ochratoxin A through peni‐cillic acid depletion of carboxypeptidase A activity. 相似文献
110.
Anna Bozzano Patricia M. Pankhurst Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyj Roger Villanueva 《Marine Biology》2009,156(7):1359-1373
Eye development, optical properties and photomechanical responses were examined in embryos and hatchlings of the southern
calamary, Sepioteuthis australis. This species occurs in shallow coastal waters in Australia and New Zealand, and the egg masses were collected in October
and December 2004 from Great Oyster Bay, Tasmania. At the earliest developmental stage the eye of the squid was comprised
of a hemispherical cup of undifferentiated neural retina, while presumptive iris cell layers and lentigenic precursor cells
enclosed a posterior eye chamber. Differentiation of the proximal and distal processes was observed in correspondence with
the cornea development and lens crystallization, and occurred before differentiation of the neural retina, which was complete
prior to hatching. Longer photoreceptor distal processes were first observed just prior to hatching in the dorsal-posterior
retina. After hatching, this difference was much more evident and higher photoreceptor density was found in the central retina.
This indicates that the eye of S. australis at this age uses different retina areas for different visual tasks. Optical sensitivity and resolution suggest that juvenile
S. australis are diurnal. This study also found functional photomechanical responses of visual screening pigment migration and pupil constriction
in S. australis embryos, although complete functionality of the pupil at this stage was uncertain. However, the pupils of squid aged 2 days
closed almost completely under bright conditions, showing that photomechanical responses were highly developed in the juvenile
squid. These findings indicate that squid embryos are able to perceive visual stimulation, suggesting an early reliance on
vision for survival after hatching. 相似文献