开发区土地集约利用评价——以辽宁炮台经济开发区为例

综合调查分析大连市炮台开发区土地集约利用现状,建立土地集约利用评价指标体系,利用特尔斐法确定指标权重,进而计算土地集约利用度,并分别从扩展潜力、结构潜力、强度潜力、管理潜力四个方面计算土地集约利用强度。综合分析土地集约利用度与土地集约利用潜力强度计算结果表明,炮台开发区土地集约度分值达到86．16％,土地集约利用水平较高,土地利用强度潜力较小。未来土地利用潜力主要为扩展潜力,不存在管理潜力,从而对炮台开发区未来发展土地集约利用提出相应建议与措施。     

广西沿海市政入海排污调查及治理对策

广西沿海市政排污口污水主要来源于城市生活污水和工业废水,2011年监测结果显示全年排放废水7033万t,排放污染物4236t,排污口超标率95.83%,普遍超标因子为磷酸盐、生化需氧量、化学需氧量和氨氮,分别占84.20%、66.67%、52.60%、50.00%。根据调查结果,分析了超标原因,提出了防治对策。     

振动试验数据管理系统概述

随着近些年振动试验技术的快速发展,对于振动试验数据的保存、管理和统计提出了更高的要求。鉴于此,附属于试验室信息管理系统的振动试验数据管理系统作为振动试验有效的管理工具,必然会成为提升试验室振动试验能力、规范试验技术的有效工具。     

Urban transformation of a metropolis and its environmental impacts

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to understand the sustainability of urban spatial transformation in the process of rapid urbanization, and calls for future research on the demographic and economic dimensions of climate change. Shanghai towards its transformation to a metropolis has experienced vast socioeconomic and ecological change and calls for future research on the impacts of demographic and economic dimensions on climate change. We look at the major questions (1) to explore economic and demographic growth, land use and land-cover changes in the context of rapid economic and city growth, and (2) to analyze how the demography and economic growth have been associated with the local air temperature and vegetation.

Method

We examine urban growth, land use and land-cover changes in the context of rapid economic development and urbanization. We assess the impact of urban expansion on local air temperature and vegetation. The analysis is based on time series data of land use, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and meteorological, demographic and economic data.

Results and discussion

The results indicate that urban growth has been driven by mass immigration; as a consequence of economic growth and urban expansion, a large amount of farmland has been converted to paved road and residential buildings. Furthermore, the difference between air temperature in urban and exurban areas has increased rapidly. The decrease of high mean annual NDVI has mainly occurred around the dense urban areas.     

氢氧化铁用于污水污泥原位恶臭控制的研究

考察了添加不同剂量氢氧化铁对于污水污泥处置过程中的恶臭污染的控制效果。结果表明,在厌氧发酵32d时,添加0.05%、0.10%、0.25%(质量分数,下同)的氢氧化铁分别使污水污泥处理中硫化氢的平均去除率(与未添加氢氧化铁相比)达到81.3%、93.7%、97.5%;氢氧化铁的添加对污水污泥厌氧发酵中氨气的释放量没有明显影响。利用冷扩散连续萃取法考察了厌氧发酵过程中污水污泥中硫的形态分布,发现在氢氧化铁的作用下生成了硫化亚铁、二硫化亚铁、单质硫,从而降低了硫化氢的释放速率,有效控制了污水污泥厌氧发酵中的恶臭。氢氧化铁是一种可以用于污泥处理的高效除臭剂。     

超声波促进城市生活污泥缺氧/好氧消化的研究

本研究将超声波预处理引入城市生活污泥缺氧/好氧消化工艺中,自主设计了容积为30 L的生活污泥超声波-缺氧/好氧消化中试系统并用以实验研究。超声波预处理的参数为超声频率28 kHz,声能密度0.15 W/mL,超声时间10 min,超声间隔12 h,污泥超声比例30%。结果表明,引入超声预处理后,缩短了污泥的稳定时间,提高了污泥的消化效率。污泥消化10 d就已经达到了稳定标准,比未引入超声预处理时缩短了12 d,而MLVSS最大去除率提高了11%,达到了55.10%。超声波的引入,对污泥缺氧/好氧消化系统中污泥上清液溶解性COD（SCOD）的变化趋势影响比较明显,而对上清液的pH、氨氮和TP的变化趋势没有明显影响。     

湘江株洲段丰水期镉污染负荷总量测算及分配

以2010年8月湘江干流株洲段代表性断面水质与底泥监测资料以及其他资料为基础,采用WASP7模型模拟该江段丰水期镉浓度,并进行镉污染负荷测算与分配。研究结果表明,WASP7模型较好地重现了镉浓度的变化规律,8月份该河段上游镉入流量2 446.33 kg,下游出流量3 076.44 kg,区间增量630.12 kg,其中点源负荷量241.67 kg,占38.4%,面源负荷量304.49 kg,占48.3%,内源负荷量为83.96 kg,占13.3%。     

高浓度焦化废水低温厌氧初探

本文探讨了温度变化对高浓度焦化废水厌氧分解的影响。当温度较低时(9.2℃～11.2℃),低温耐冷菌驯化污泥较常温污泥COD_(Cr)日降解率(Da)高出2～3倍。因此,当温度下降至低温时,可通过增补耐冷菌来提高系统的降解效率。     

Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services with Dual Goals of Environment and Poverty Alleviation

The goal of this article is to understand strategies by which both the environmental and poverty alleviation objectives of PES programs can be achieved cost effectively. To meet this goal, we first create a conceptual framework to understand the implications of alternative targeting when policy makers have both environmental and poverty alleviation goals. We then use the Grain for Green program in China, the largest PES program in the developing world, as a case study. We also use a data set from a survey that we designed and implemented to evaluate the program. Using the data set we first evaluate what factors determined selection of program areas for the Grain for Green program. We then demonstrate the heterogeneity of parcels and households and examine the correlations across households and their parcels in terms of their potential environmental benefits, opportunity costs of participating, and the asset levels of households as an indicator of poverty. Finally, we compare five alternative targeting criteria and simulate their performance in terms of cost effectiveness in meeting both the environmental and poverty alleviation goals when given a fixed budget. Based on our simulations, we find that there is a substantial gain in the cost effectiveness of the program by targeting parcels based on the “gold standard,” i.e., targeting parcels with low opportunity cost and high environmental benefit managed by poorer households.     

基于GIS的县域经济差异与协调发展研究——以陕北地区为例

改革开放以来,陕北地区经济有了突飞猛进的发展,尤其是矿产资源的开发创造了巨大的经济效益。但近几年来,县域经济发展水平的空间差异逐渐扩大,已成为制约该区域经济发展的一大障碍。选取了人均GDP、地均GDP、人均地方财政收入、人均社会消费品零售总额、城镇化水平、在岗职工平均工资和农民人均纯收入7项指标,采用ArcGIS的IDW法模拟和分析了陕北地区经济空间格局,再采用量图分析法将陕北地区25个县级行政区分为先进、中等和落后3种类型,从县域的角度进一步分析经济水平的空间差异,最后对缩小县域经济空间差异和实现县域经济协调发展提出几点建议。