腐殖酸-高岭土复合体形成机制及对三氯乙烯的吸附

为探究土壤中有机组分与无机矿质组分相互作用的机制,以腐殖酸代表有机质、高岭土代表无机矿质,制备不同有机质含量的腐殖酸-高岭土复合体模拟样品,进行三氯乙烯的吸附实验研究.结果表明,各吸附剂样品对三氯乙烯的吸附符合Freundlich等温模型,且吸附量的实际值与理论叠加值有明显差异,说明复合体样品中腐殖酸与高岭土之间存在相互作用.结合红外光谱、比表面积孔分析等多类表征,推测腐殖酸与高岭土相互作用的机制为:腐殖酸含量较低时,腐殖酸分子首先分布于高岭土表面的活性位点上,随着腐殖酸含量的增加(有机质-矿质质量比O/M为0.02~0.04),部分腐殖酸分子进入高岭土表面的孔隙,达到相对稳定后腐殖酸分子继续作用于高岭土表面形成第一层腐殖酸分子膜(O/M为0.04~0.08),随着腐殖酸含量继续增加(O/M为0.08~0.10),更多的腐殖酸分子通过与第一层腐殖酸膜相互作用而在高岭土表面进行第二层叠加,同时第一层被压缩,第二层叠加相对稳定后(O/M为0.10~0.16),仍有部分腐殖酸叠加至第二层之上进行第三层叠加,随后内层腐殖酸进一步被压缩(O/M为0.16~0.24),但可能仍有少量腐殖酸分子和聚集体继续下一层叠加.     

荒漠绿洲土壤抗生素抗性基因分布特征及驱动机制

荒漠绿洲农田生态系统是干旱区环境下人类活动显著的复合生态系统.土壤微生物抗生素抗性与人类健康和生态平衡关系密切.研究荒漠绿洲环境不同土地利用类型模式下土壤抗生素抗性基因的多样性、分布特征和影响因素,对于评估干旱区土壤环境健康风险,促进绿洲农业生态的发展具有重要意义.采用高通量测序和高通量定量PCR技术对荒漠绿洲土壤微生物的群落结构和抗生素抗性基因多样性开展了研究,旨在探究干旱区土壤抗性基因的分布特征及其驱动机制.结果表明,从沙漠边缘到绿洲,荒漠沙生植物土壤、棉花地土壤、玉米地土壤、芦苇地土壤和湖泊沉积物中抗生素抗性的种类和丰度显著增加,与土地利用变化关系密切,农田土壤是抗性基因的重要存储库;荒漠绿洲土壤微生物群落与抗生素抗性基因显著相关,硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)、沙漠细菌属(Pontibacter)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、耐盐微杆菌属(Salinimicrobium)、土壤红杆菌属(Solirubrobacter)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces)等是各类抗性基因重要的潜在携带者;干旱区土壤中重(类)金属元素和可移动基因元件,与微生物群落共同塑造了抗生...     

不同土壤-小麦体系中铅镉交互作用与转运特征

选用海伦黑土、咸宁棕红壤和长武黑垆土这3种土壤,分别设置4组不同含量配比的Pb和Cd复合处理,进行为期5个月的小麦种植(郑麦9023号)盆栽试验,结合小麦植株各部位Pb和Cd含量,分析3种土壤-小麦体系中Pb和Cd交互作用对小麦富集转运重金属的影响.结果表明,低pH棕红壤水溶态Cd和Pb含量最高,且土壤颗粒表面Pb和Cd交互作用显著,高有机质黑土及高碳酸钙含量的黑垆土中Cd和Pb活性较低.3种土壤中黑垆土种植小麦的株高和干重表现最差,但Pb和Cd复合作用使其株高较对照增加了2.68～8.49 cm, Pb和Cd交互作用对黑土中小麦的株高和干重影响最小,但抑制了棕红壤中小麦生长.3种土壤-小麦体系的Pb和Cd交互作用差异较大,棕红壤中Pb和Cd间存在协同作用,125 mg·kg^-1和250 mg·kg^-1Pb处理下棕红壤种植的小麦籽粒Pb含量随Cd添加量升高分别显著增加73.2%和19.1%;黑土中Pb和Cd间存在拮抗作用,0.3 mg·kg^-1和0.6 mg·kg^-1 Cd处理下黑土中小麦籽粒Cd含...     

多金属伴生铜矿选矿与湿法冶炼中废水零排放探讨

选择了一个实体企业,经过对其不同废水的性质进行分析,分别选取工艺技术成熟的化学中和沉淀法、PFS（聚硫酸铁）混凝沉降法和MBR膜处理法对该企业的废水进行处理实验,确保经处理后废水能满足不同生产环节用水水质的要求,并在该企业进行了生产性探讨实验,实现了废水零排放。     

Influence of fuel moisture, charge size, feeding rate and air ventilation conditions on the emissions of PM, OC, EC, parent PAHs, and their derivatives from residential wood combustion

Controlled combustion experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of fuel charge size, moisture, air ventilation and feeding rate on the emission factors (EFs) of carbonaceous particulate matter, parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and their derivatives from residential wood combustion in a typical brick cooking stove. Measured EFs were found to be independent of fuel charge size, but increased with increasing fuel moisture. Pollution emissions from the normal burning under an adequate air supply condition were the lowest for most pollutants, while more pollutants were emitted when an oxygen deficient atmosphere was formed in the stove chamber during fast burning. The impacts of these factors on the size distribution of emitted particles was also studied. Modified combustion efficiency and the four investigated factors explained 68%, 72%, and 64% of total variations in EFs of PM, organic carbon, and oxygenated PAHs, respectively, but only 36%, 38% and 42% of the total variations in EFs of elemental carbon, pPAHs and nitro-PAHs, respectively.     

Occurrence and infection risk of waterborne pathogens in Wanzhou watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), formed by China’s Yangtze Three Gorges Project, is the largest lake in the world, but there is too little information available about fecal contamination and waterborne pathogen impacts on this aquatic ecosystem. During two successive 1-year study periods (July 2009 to July 2011), the water quality in Wanzhou watershed of the TGR was tested with regard to the presence of fecal indicators and pathogens. According to Chinese and World Health Organization water quality standards, water quality in the mainstream was good but poor in backwater areas. Salmonella, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in the watershed. Prevalence and concentrations of the pathogens in the mainstream were lower than those in backwater areas. The estimated risk of infection with Salmonella, EHEC, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia per exposure event ranged from 2.9 × 10 -7 to 1.68 × 10-5 , 7.04 × 10-10 to 2.36 × 10-7 , 5.39 × 10-6 to 1.25 × 10-4 and 0 to 1.2 × 10-3 , respectively, for occupational divers and recreational swimmers exposed to the waters. The estimated risk of infection at exposure to the 95% upper confidence limit concentrations of Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia may be up to 2.62 × 10-5 , 2.55 × 10-4 and 2.86 × 10-3 , respectively. This study provides useful information for the residents, health care workers and managers to improve the safety of surface water and reduce the risk of fecal contamination in the TGR.     

关于建设项目环境管理中防护距离问题的几点思考

设置防护距离是中国建设项目环境管理的重要手段。本文对比介绍了中国建设项目环境影响评价过程中采用的各种防护距离（包括卫生防护距离、大气环境防护距离、安全防护距离、产业政策选址规定和环保规范）的概念、确定原则和确定方法,结合当前建设项目环境管理中存在的问题,提出建设项目防护距离管理体系建议以及未来的研究方向和研究内容。     

无线电干扰系统电磁辐射安全限值的研究

在严格遵循国家有关部门电磁辐射防护规定中的相关标准情况下,进行无线电干扰系统的实验和操作中,发现当系统长时间使用时,按照电磁辐射相关安全标准设置安全间距仍会对人体健康产生不利影响。文章根据实验数据,对电磁辐射相关安全标准进行了深入研究和探讨,在对国家安全标准探讨的基础上提出考虑电磁辐射危害时不能仅仅将人体作为点来考虑,应充分认识到人体作为等效天线的特征以及吸收功率的问题。     

KOH活化法制备牛粪活性炭的研究

以牛粪为原料,采用KOH活化法制备活性炭,并考察了浸渍比、活化剂浓度、活化时间和活化温度等不同制备条件对牛粪活性炭样品性能的影响.实验结果表明,在浸渍比1∶4、KOH质量分数35%、活化时间60min、活化温度700℃条件下制备的活性炭性能最佳,制得的活性炭比表面积为979.8m2·g-1,碘吸附值可达796.37mg·g-1,亚甲基蓝吸附值可达150.30mg·g-1.最后,将制备的牛粪活性炭应用于对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附,研究了最佳工艺条件下制备的活性炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的适宜条件.结果表明,在投加量为8g·L-1时、吸附时间90min、pH值为5和较低温度的适宜条件下,自制牛粪活性炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量最大.     

地表水中高锰酸盐指数分析的质量控制

为了提高高锰酸盐指数项目测定的准确性,通过实验分析,从高锰酸钾的校正系数、蒸馏水空白值、水浴的温度、加热的时间、样品酸度、滴定的过程、滴定终点的判断等因素加以分析,找出其影响测定结果的原因。实验操作中,应注重上述因素的质量控制,以提高测试的准确性。