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51.
An intercalibration study on organobromine compounds has been conducted to evaluate the accuracy and reliability in the analysis of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their related compounds like polybrominated and monobromo-polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PBDDs/DFs, MoBPCDDs/DFs). This paper reports the results for these compounds in 'Mixed Standard Solutions' and 'Air-Dried Sediment'. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for PBDEs, PBDDs/DFs and MoBPCDDs/DFs in mixed standard solutions ranged from 9% to 24%, 4% to 20% and 8% to 27%, respectively. The results of this study are better than those reported in earlier international interlaboratory studies due to general improvement in analytical methods and an increasing number of available authentic standards, particularly for PBDEs. In the analysis for higher brominated compounds such as octabromodibenzodioxin, the participants were advised to optimize the calibration curves befitting the range of concentrations found in samples because variation of relative response factors was noted. The results for 'Air-Dried Sediment' were also reasonable with RSDs from 10% to 38% for PBDEs, 8% to 38% for PBDDs/DFs and 17% to 36% for MoBPCDDs/DFs. In the sediment sample, possible errors in the sample pretreatment and/or interference by other compounds/impurities were indicated. The concentrations of pentabromodiphenylether, BDE100, varied more than the other PBDE isomers due to its poor separation in some chromatographic conditions. In addition, interference by PBDEs was observed in the analysis for PBDFs. Potential degradation/secondary formulation of PBDEs and PBDFs during the Soxhlet extraction were suggested when copper powder was added into the sediment samples. Inspite of these observations, the results in this study are better than those reported in other interlaboratory studies due to the advice given to participants for improving the results. Compared with the results for PCDDs/DFs (5-23% RSDs) and Co-PCBs (6-24% RSDs), the RSDs for most of the organobromine compounds were high, indicating an immature QA/QC approach for the analysis of PBDEs and related compounds in comparison to common chlorinated dioxins. 相似文献
52.
Leaching characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from flame-retardant plastics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To investigate the effect of leachant on the leachability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), we determined the leaching concentrations of PBDEs from flame-retardant plastic samples (TV housings and raw materials before molding processing) that are regarded as a source of PBDEs in landfill sites. The leachants used were distilled water, 20% methanol solution, and dissolved humic solution (DHS) of 1000 mg/l based on organic carbon. The leaching test conditions were a liquid-to-solid ratio of 100:1, and a contact period of five days, with twice-daily agitation in a temperature-controlled room of 30 degrees C without pH or ionic strength control. The leaching concentrations of PBDEs increased with increased content, and were found to be remarkably enhanced when methanol and DHS were used instead of distilled water. The enhancement of leachability in the presence of the latter was attributed to the cosolvency effect, and complex formations between the PBDEs and dissolved humic matter (DHM). PBDE concentrations in the leachate obtained from the leaching test and an actual landfill site revealed a significant presence of congeners below heptabromodiphenyl ethers (H7BDEs), detected in the leachate of the actual landfill, while significant amounts of nonabromodiphenyl ethers (N9BDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ether (D10BDE) were detected in the leachate of the leaching test. 相似文献
53.
Strong adsorption of DNA molecules on humic acids 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kazutoshi Saeki Yasutaka Ihyo Masao Sakai Takashi Kunito 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2011,9(4):505-509
Analysing soil microbial communities is often hampered by DNA adsorption on soil organic compounds such as humic acids. However
the role of humic acids in DNA adsorption and stability in soils remains controversial. To characterize DNA–humic acid interactions,
we studied DNA adsorption on two commercially available humic acids and a soil humic acid extracted from an Andosol. Desorption
of the adsorbed DNA using 4 different solutions—distilled water, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), and 1%
sodium dodecyl sulfate solution—was also studied to understand the mechanism of DNA adsorption on humic acids. Here, we show
that humic acids play an important role in DNA adsorption to soils. DNA molecules were adsorbed on the humic acids, with adsorption
increasing proportionally with the DNA concentrations in the solution. The adsorption on all humic acid samples was fitted
with Freundlich equation, and the parameters obtained from the equation indicated a high affinity between the humic acids
and DNA molecules. The total amount of DNA desorbed by the 4 solutions was less than 2% of the total DNA adsorbed on all the
humic acids. The results demonstrate that DNA molecules are able to bind strongly to humic acids by ligand binding, hydrophobic
interaction, aggregation, or precipitation. 相似文献
54.
Mifuyu Ogawa Yuichi Yamaura Shin Abe Daisuke Hoshino Kazuhiko Hoshizaki Shigeo Iida Toshio Katsuki Takashi Masaki Kaoru Niiyama Satoshi Saito Takeshi Sakai Hisashi Sugita Hiroyuki Tanouchi Tatsuya Amano Hisatomo Taki Kimiko Okabe 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,177(1-4):85-94
An alkaline comet assay and a micronucleus test were carried out on erythrocytes of the European chub, Squalius cephalus L., collected in spring and autumn in 2005 and 2006 at three sampling sites in River Sava, near Zagreb, Croatia. The results of comet assay showed the lowest genotoxic influence at the least polluted site, while higher DNA damage was observed at the polluted sites. Although the basal levels of DNA damage were elevated, a clear gradation of DNA damage was found due to pollution intensity in all sampling periods. The lowest cytogenetic damage as revealed by the micronucleus test (MNT) was observed as well at the least polluted site. High variations in MN frequency were observed between sampling periods, although the number of micronucleated erythrocytes was consistently the highest one at the polluted site. The comet assay as a biomarker of genotoxic effect exhibited higher sensitivity in discriminating the genotoxic capacity of studied polluted sites while the MNT was less sensitive. However, both tests should be used together in biomonitoring studies because they can reveal different aspects of DNA damage; comet assay, the early event of genotoxic exposure, and MNT, its final result as a mutagenic potential. 相似文献
55.
Effects of Long-Term Ungulate Exclusion and Recent Alien Species Control on the Preservation and Restoration of a Hawaiian Tropical Dry Forest 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Robert J. Cabin Stephen G. Weller † David H. Lorence ‡ Tim W. Flynn ‡ Ann K. Sakai † Darren Sandquist § and Lisa J. Hadway‡ 《Conservation biology》2000,14(2):439-453
Abstract: Although the destruction of tropical rain forests receives much attention, tropical dry forests are in general far more threatened and endangered. Eliminating grazing ungulates is often considered a key first step toward protecting these ecosystems, but few studies have investigated the long-term effects of this technique. We examined the effects of ungulate exclusion from a 2.3-ha native dry-forest preserve on the island of Hawaii by comparing its present flora to the flora of an adjacent area subjected to continuous grazing since the preserve was fenced over 40 years ago. Relative to this adjacent area, the fenced preserve contained a more diverse flora with substantially greater coverage of native overstory and understory species. Until recently, however, regeneration of native canopy trees within the preserve appears to have been thwarted by a dominant herbaceous cover of alien fountain grass ( Pennisetum setaceum ) and predation by alien rodent species. Our results indicate that although ungulate exclusion may be a necessary and critical first step, it is not sufficient to adequately preserve and maintain Hawaii's remaining tropical dry forest remnants. Our recent efforts to control the dominant alien species within the fenced preserve suggest that this practice may facilitate both the regeneration of native species and the colonization and potential invasion of new alien plants. Comparisons of seedlings of the dominant native canopy tree Diospyros sandwicensis growing in sites both dominated by and free of fountain grass suggested that fountain grass inhibits Diospyros seedling growth and photosynthesis but may increase survival if seedlings are protected from ungulates. 相似文献
56.
Spatiotemporal recruitment patterns of scleractinian corals were investigated around Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Archipelago,
Japan, in relation to adult coral cover in 2005 and 2006. Although almost all corals were broadcasting spawners, the relationship
between recruitment and adult coral cover differed among coral families (Acroporidae, Poritidae, and Pocilloporidae), likely
due to differences in embryonic development time. For spawning pocilloporid corals, whose larvae develop relatively more rapidly,
recruitment was higher at sites where adult coral cover was higher. In contrast, recruitment was not related to adult coral
cover in acroporid and poritid corals, whose embryonic development times were relatively slow. Moreover, recruitment of acroporid
corals varied between years, and recruitment was greater at leeward compared to windward reefs for a few days after spawning.
These results suggest that embryonic development time and wind-driven surface currents affect larval dispersal and subsequent
recruitment patterns at a local scale. Based on embryonic development time, some spawning corals are more likely to have higher
rates of self-seeding than others. Our results predict that among spawning corals, local populations of acroporid and poritid
corals, whose larvae potentially disperse over long distances and recruit in neighboring reefs, are more resilient to local
disturbances than those of pocilloporid corals, whose recruitment relies upon local stock. 相似文献
57.
Shin-ichi Sakai Yasuhiro Hirai Hirofumi Aizawa Shizuko Ota Yasuhiro Muroishi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2006,8(1):56-62
Atmospheric emissions of deca-brominated diphenyl ether (DBDE) in Japan were estimated based on the material flow of DBDE
products and their emission factors. In 2002, the demand for DBDE in Japan was 2200 ton/year and the stock level was about
60 000 ton. The DBDE flow into the waste stream was estimated to be about 6000 ton/year and the flow out through second-hand
product exports was more than 700 ton/year. Home appliance recycling facilities dismantle and crush domestic wastes containing
about 600 ton of DBDE annually. Material recycling of crushed plastics is not commonly practiced as yet. Emission factors
from plastics processing (2 × 10−9–1 × 10−7), textile processing (9 × 10−7), home appliance recycling (8 × 10−9–5 × 10−6), and waste incineration (1 × 10−7–2 × 10−6) were estimated using field measurement data. The DBDE emission rate through house dust during the service life of final
products (2 × 10−7–9 × 10−7 per year) was estimated using the DBDE concentration in dust and the amount of dust in used televisions. Emission factors
from previous studies were also used. The estimated total DBDE emission was 170–1800 kg/year. These results suggest the necessity
of characterizing emissions during the service life of products, which is essential information for formulating an appropriate
e-waste recycling strategy. 相似文献
58.
Yoshimasa Amano Yusuke Sakai Takumi Sekiy Kimitaka Takey Kazuo Taki Motoi Machida 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2010,22(11):1666-1673
Tega-numa (Lake Tega) is one of the eutrophic lakes in Japan. For the improvement of water quality in Lake Tega, the Northchiba
Water Conveyance Channel was constructed in 2000, which transfer water from Tone River into the lake. After 2000, the
dominant species of diatoms, mainly Cyclotella sp., have been replacing blue-green algae, mainly Microcystis aeruginosa in Lake
Tega. This transition of dominant species would be due to the dilution, but the detail mechanism has not been understood yet. This
study examined the relationship between phosphorus fluctuation caused by river water dilution to Lake Tega and dominance of algal
species, M. aeruginosa or Cyclotella sp. based on the single-species and the mixed-species culture experiments. The single-species
culture experiment showed that the half-saturation constant and uptake rate of phosphorus were one order lower and seven times higher
for M. aeruginosa than those for Cyclotella sp. These findings implied that M. aeruginosa would possess a potential for the growth
and survival over Cyclotella sp. in the phosphorus limited condition. The superiority of M. aeruginosa was reflected in the outcome of
the mixed-species culture experiment, i.e., dominance of M. aeruginosa, even phosphorus concentration was lowered to 0.01 mg-P/L.
Therefore, it could be concluded that the decrease in phosphorus concentration due to the river water dilution to Lake Tega would be
interpreted as a minor factor for the transition of dominant species from M. aeruginosa to Cyclotella sp. 相似文献
59.
Leachate samples were taken from seven different landfills and concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), i.e. polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), were quantified. Leaching characteristics of BFRs, especially factors affecting leachability, were clarified to obtain basic information regarding the release of BFRs into the environment. The results obtained for observed levels of the sum of PBDE-47, -99 and -100 were n.d.--4000 pg/l for the raw leachate and n.d. for the treated one, respectively, and those of TBBPA were n.d.--620,000 pg/l for the raw leachate and n.d.--11,000 pg/l for the treated one, respectively. Three sites that not only had crushed material from bulk wastes such as waste electric and electronic equipment, but also were under operation or within a year since closure, indicated a higher concentration of BFRs than the other sites. In particular extremely high concentration of PBDEs was observed at a site with a large amount of organics. Considering the leaching characteristics of BFRs, there exists the possibility that leachability of PBDEs is influenced by the presence of dissolved humic matter (DHM) in the leachate. The high removal efficiency for BFRs in the leachate treatment process was also confirmed. 相似文献
60.
Metallic-phase lead in slag of municipal solid waste incineration ash and leaching characteristics 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Metallic phases in slags and their influence on the leaching characteristics were investigated. The proportions of metallic
phase in four slags were 0.028%, 0.24%, 1.87%, and 3.05% by weight. The lead content was 10–248 mg/kg in bulk slag after metal
removal, while in the metallic phase it was 579–7390 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in the metallic phase were more than ten times
higher than in slags after metal removal. Lead was distributed in the metallic phase at 2.0%, 8.3%, 10.3%, and 47.4%. The
concentrations of all metallic elements in metallic phases were much higher than in bulk slag. Iron, copper, and nickel had
accumulated in magnetic metals, while aluminum and zinc were found in nonmagnetic metals. As regards chromium, manganese,
lead, and tin, the proportion of metallic phases depended on the slag samples. By removing metallic phases, both water and
pH 4 leachable lead decreased. The basic principles of melting residues containing lead are the separation of lead as a metal
in reductive melting, and the containment of lead ions into uniform glassy particles in oxidization melting. Melting slag
can be seen to contribute to environmental preservation by facilitating the recycling of materials through the separation
of metals from melting slag.
Received: February 21, 2000 / Accepted: July 27, 2000 相似文献