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41.
Shaw G Venter A Avila R Bergman R Bulgakov A Calmon P Fesenko S Frissel M Goor F Konoplev A Linkov I Mamikhin S Moberg L Orlov A Rantavaara A Spiridonov S Thiry Y 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2005,84(2):285-296
The primary objective of the IAEA's BIOMASS Forest Working Group (FWG) was to bring together experimental radioecologists and modellers to facilitate the exchange of information which could be used to improve our ability to understand and forecast radionuclide transfers within forests. This paper describes a blind model validation exercise which was conducted by the FWG to test nine models which members of the group had developed in response to the need to predict the fate of radiocaesium in forests in Europe after the Chernobyl accident. The outcomes and conclusions of this exercise are summarised. It was concluded that, as a group, the models are capable of providing an envelope of predictions which can be expected to enclose experimental data for radiocaesium contamination in forests over the time scale tested. However, the models are subject to varying degrees of conceptual uncertainty which gives rise to a very high degree of divergence between individual model predictions, particularly when forecasting edible mushroom contamination. Furthermore, the forecasting capability of the models over future decades currently remains untested. 相似文献
42.
Thiessen KM Sazykina TG Apostoaei AI Balonov MI Crawford J Domel R Fesenko SV Filistovic V Galeriu D Homma T Kanyár B Krajewski P Kryshev AI Kryshev II Nedveckaite T Ould-Dada Z Sanzharova NI Robinson C Sjöblom KL 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2005,84(2):225-244
Data collected for 10 years following the Chernobyl accident in 1986 have provided a unique opportunity to test the reliability of computer models for contamination of terrestrial and aquatic environments. The Iput River scenario was used by the Dose Reconstruction Working Group of the BIOMASS (Biosphere Modelling and Assessment Methods) programme. The test area was one of the most highly contaminated areas in Russia following the accident, with an average contamination density of 137Cs of 800,000 Bq m-2 and localized contamination up to 1,500,000 Bq m-2, and a variety of countermeasures that were implemented in the test area had to be considered in the modelling exercise. Difficulties encountered during the exercise included averaging of data to account for uneven contamination of the test area, simulating the downward migration and changes in bioavailability of 137Cs in soil, and modelling the effectiveness of countermeasures. The accuracy of model predictions is dependent at least in part on the experience and judgment of the participant in interpretation of input information, selection of parameter values, and treatment of uncertainties. 相似文献
43.
Kaluzhnaya OV Belikov SI Schröder HC Rothenberger M Zapf S Kaandorp JA Borejko A Müller IM Müller WE 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2005,92(3):128-133
In ancient Lake Baikal (East Siberia), freshwater sponges have diversified to an extraordinary degree. The skeleton of Lubomirskia baicalensis, which attains a size of up to 1 m, is constructed from spicules, which are cemented into longitudinal bundles. Our X-ray analysis revealed that the architecture of the specimens follows a highly ordered radiate accretive growth pattern. The spicules have a central axial canal with an axial filament inside. This organic filament is composed of silicatein, the major enzyme involved in silica formation of the spicules. We found that the specific activity of silicatein in samples from the non-growing (basal) zone is much lower than in those from the growth zone (tips) and that even the composition of this molecule differs in these regions. The present study shows for the first time that the turnover of silicatein, the major element of the axial canal of sponge spicules, changes within a sponge specimen depending on the region in which it is found. 相似文献
44.
Sergey A. Smirnov J. Rafael Pacheco Roberto Verzicco 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2008,8(5-6):535-541
The stability of stratified rotating flows is investigated by means of laboratory experiments and numerical simulations in axisymmetric cylindrical and annular containers with both horizontal and sloping bottoms. The baroclinic current is initiated via incremental spin-up/down of a linearly stratified fluid by an abrupt change in the rotation rate of the system. Particular attention is given to the non-linear flow regime (finite Rossby numbers). It is found that axisymmetric spin-up current loses its azimuthal symmetry when the Burger number drops below unity, and breaks into a system of large-scale cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices with predominantly vertical axis of rotation. Eddies always develop at the density fronts formed by the corner regions adjacent to the sidewalls of the container. It is shown that the stability of the spin-up flow is largely affected by the bottom slope and the structure of the bottom boundary layer. 相似文献
45.
Jingyan Li Tingting Xu Xiaohui Lu Hong Chen Sergey A. Nizkorodov Jianmin Chen Xin Yang Zhaoyu Mo Zhiming Chen Huilin Liu Jingying Mao Guiyun Liang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(3):184-195
Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO_2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode(100–500 nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles(fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate(OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak(80SO_3~-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks(97HSO_4~-+ 96SO_4~-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO_2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO_2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO_2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO_2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays. 相似文献
46.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the efficacy of side airbags in preventing driver deaths in passenger vehicles struck on the driver side. METHODS: Risk ratios for driver deaths per driver-side collision were computed for side airbag-equipped cars and SUVs, relative to vehicles without side airbags. Driver fatality ratios also were calculated for the same vehicles in front and rear impacts, and these were used to adjust the side crash risk ratios for differences in fatality risk unrelated to side airbags. Risk ratios were calculated separately for side airbags providing torso-only protection and side airbags with head protection; almost all head protecting airbags also had airbags protecting the torso. RESULTS: Car driver death risk in driver-side crashes was reduced by 37 percent for head protecting airbags and 26 percent for torso-only side airbags. Car driver death risk was reduced for older and younger drivers, males and females, and drivers of small and midsize cars, and when the striking vehicle was an SUV/pickup or a car/minivan. Death risk for drivers of SUVs was reduced by 52 percent with head protecting side airbags and by 30 percent with torso-only airbags. The effectiveness of side airbags could not be assessed for pickups and minivans due to the small number of these vehicles with airbags involved in crashes. CONCLUSION: Side airbags substantially reduce the risk of car and SUV driver death in driver-side collisions. Making side airbags with head protection available to drivers and right front passengers in all passenger vehicles could reduce the number of fatalities in motor vehicle crashes in the United States by about 2,000 each year. 相似文献
47.
Sergey A. Lashin Yury G. Matushkin Valentin V. Suslov Nikolay A. Kolchanov 《Ecological modelling》2012,224(1):124-129
There are two types of organisms’ grouping in nature: mono-species populations and multi-species communities. Here at during the process of evolution the adaptability of a trait is to be tested both at population and ecocenotic levels. Size of a genome is one of the major adaptive traits, which widely varies in eukaryotic species. By contrast, prokaryotes with their small genomes are considered to have genome reduction evolutionary trend. Domination of this trend is mostly founded on population-level models. In this paper we in silico study interactions of ecocenotic and population levels. The trend of genome and metabolism reduction in prokaryotic communities was shown to be major only in comfortable environmental conditions. In subcomfortable conditions, genome and metabolism reduction leads to community simplification (in extreme case to community death). Pessimum conditions promote metabolism integration of a community and induce reciprocal genes acquiring. 相似文献
48.
Ruben Kos’yan Sergey Kuklev Boris Khanukaev Alexander Kochergin 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2012,16(3):243-250
The seacoasts protection does not stand standard solutions. Every part of a shore needs to be creatively approached and its hydrodynamic, lithodynamic, geological, geomorphological and other peculiarities must be thoroughly studied for each particular situation. It takes a complex scientific approach considering not only local features, but also the reaction of the whole lithodynamic system in limits of which the coast protective activity is planned with consideration of calculated hydrodynamic parameters (waves, sea level, etc.). 相似文献
49.
Alastair Franke Knud Falk Kevin Hawkshaw Skip Ambrose David L. Anderson Peter J. Bente Travis Booms Kurt K. Burnham Suzanne Carrire Johan Ekenstedt Ivan Fufachev Sergey Ganusevich Kenneth Johansen Jeff A. Johnson Sergey Kharitonov Pertti Koskimies Olga Kulikova Peter Lindberg Berth-Ove Lindstrm William G. Mattox Carol L. McIntyre Svetlana Mechnikova Dave Mossop Sren Mller lafur K. Nielsen Tuomo Ollila Arve stlyngen Ivan Pokrovsky Kim Poole Marco Restani Bryce W. Robinson Robert Rosenfield Aleksandr Sokolov Vasiliy Sokolov Ted Swem Katrin Vorkamp 《Ambio》2020,49(3):784-785
While collating contributions and comments from 36 researchers, the coordinating authors accidentally omitted Dr. Suzanne Carrière from the list of contributing co-authors. Dr. Carrière’s data are described in Tables 1 and 3, Figure 2 and several places in the narrative. The new author list is thus updated in this article. 相似文献
50.
Dorothe Ehrich Niels M. Schmidt Gilles Gauthier Ray Alisauskas Anders Angerbjrn Karin Clark Frauke Ecke Nina E. Eide Erik Framstad Jay Frandsen Alastair Franke Olivier Gilg Marie-Andre Giroux Heikki Henttonen Birger Hrnfeldt Rolf A. Ims Gennadiy D. Kataev Sergey P. Kharitonov Siw T. Killengreen Charles J. Krebs Richard B. Lanctot Nicolas Lecomte Irina E. Menyushina Douglas W. Morris Guy Morrisson Lauri Oksanen Tarja Oksanen Johan Olofsson Ivan G. Pokrovsky Igor Yu. Popov Donald Reid James D. Roth Sarah T. Saalfeld Gustaf Samelius Benoit Sittler Sergey M. Sleptsov Paul A. Smith Aleksandr A. Sokolov Natalya A. Sokolova Mikhail Y. Soloviev Diana V. Solovyeva 《Ambio》2020,49(3):786-800
Lemmings are a key component of tundra food webs and changes in their dynamics can affect the whole ecosystem. We present a comprehensive overview of lemming monitoring and research activities, and assess recent trends in lemming abundance across the circumpolar Arctic. Since 2000, lemmings have been monitored at 49 sites of which 38 are still active. The sites were not evenly distributed with notably Russia and high Arctic Canada underrepresented. Abundance was monitored at all sites, but methods and levels of precision varied greatly. Other important attributes such as health, genetic diversity and potential drivers of population change, were often not monitored. There was no evidence that lemming populations were decreasing in general, although a negative trend was detected for low arctic populations sympatric with voles. To keep the pace of arctic change, we recommend maintaining long-term programmes while harmonizing methods, improving spatial coverage and integrating an ecosystem perspective. 相似文献