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71.
Shailesh Shah Ulrich Fischer Konrad Hungerbühler 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2005,18(4-6):335-352
A new method called SREST-layer-assessment method with automated software tool is presented that in a hierarchical approach reveals the degree of non-ideality of chemical processes with regard to SHE (safety, health and environment) aspects at different layers: the properties of the chemical substances involved (substance assessment layer (SAL)), possible interactions between the substances (reactivity assessment layer (RAL)), possible hazard scenarios resulting from the combination of substances and operating conditions in the various equipments involved (equipment assessment layer (EAL)), and the safety technologies that are required to run a process safely and in accordance with legal regulations (safety-technology assessment layer (STAL)). In RAL, EAL and STAL the main focus is put on process safety. A case study is used to show the principles of the method. It is demonstrated how the method can be used as a systematic tool to support chemical engineers and chemists in evaluating chemical process safety in early process development stages. 相似文献
72.
73.
Jha Prabhat Rajguru Shivam Parmar Jaydip Shah Manan 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(1):90-103
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This paper shows the comparison of the various conventional technologies used for desalination and the advantages of using renewable energy such as... 相似文献
74.
Ellis J Shah M Kubachka KM Caruso JA 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(12):1329-1336
Determination of organophosphorus fire retardants and plasticizers at trace levels in wastewater is described. In this work, microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) are used for sample preparation to extract and preconcentrate the analytes, followed by analysis by gas chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS) for phosphorus-specific detection. Gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) was used to confirm the organphosphorus fire retardants in wastewater. The detection limits of organophosphorus fire retardants (OPFRs) were 29 ng L(-1) for tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), 45 ng for L(-1) for tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP), and 50 ng L(-1) for tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP). Optimized extraction conditions were performed at 65 degrees C for 30 min and with 10% NaCl. Application of MAE during the sample preparation prior to the SPME allowed the detection of tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, which has been difficult to determine in previous work. Application of the method to wastewater samples resulted in detecting 3.1 microg L(-1) P from TnBP, 5.0 microg L(-1) P from TBEP, and 4.0 microg L(-1) P from TEHP. The presence of these compounds were also confirmed by SPME-GC-TOF-MS. 相似文献
75.
Sharma S Dixit S Jain P Shah KW Vishwakarma R 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,143(1-3):195-202
Narmada is considered to be the lifeline of the state of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. The Narmada water is used for bathing, drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. The city sewage and industrial effluent from Security paper mill at Hoshangabad drains in the Narmada River and pollutes the water quality. Urban sewage enters into Narmada through main nallas. River water quality at Hoshangabad has become a matter of concern due to continuous changing environment and increasing social and industrial activity that influence the water quality directly or indirectly. The present investigation is undertaken to study the effect of domestic sewage and effluent from Security paper Mill on the water quality and ecology of river Narmada at Hoshangabad. The study is carried on at four sites along with the bank of river Narmada. Water samples from four stations were collected, out of which three main sewage mixing points of the city and one fresh water site are taken into account. The samples collected were analyzed, as per standard methods parameters such as Temperature, pH, were measured in-situ. The statistical evaluations were also made. The result showed increase in BOD, Nitrates, Phosphates and Total Coliforms, No. of phytoplanktons. The results revealed that most of the water samples were below or out of limited; according to the WHO, BIS standards. 相似文献
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77.
The concentrations of 15 elements were determined in water, sediment and tissues of fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) collected from five sampling stations of Manchar Lake in 2005 for two successive seasons, winter (WS) and summer (SS). Elements analysis was performed by atomic absorption spectrometry with flame (FAAS) and electrothermal (ETAAS) modes, using multielement standard solution. The obtained results show that, the trace and toxic elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and macronutrients (Al, Ca, K, Mg and Na) concentrations in lake water were above the recommended drinking water standards by WHO. Concentrations of Na detected in lake water in WS and SS, were in the range of 445.5-562.7 and 420.6-643.5 mgl(-1), respectively. While among toxic elements As concentration in both seasons, have been found in the range of 60.4-88.9 and 64.9-101.8 microgl(-1) respectively, these values are 6-10 times higher than the permissible limit of WHO. The mean concentrations of elements understudy in muscles of fish were found as 2.35, 1.39, 0.46, 2.3, 1517.9, 2.2, 2.4 and 188.9 mgkg(-1) for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. High accumulation of toxic elements in fish tissues is indicating that some of the metal contaminants are entering the food chain. Correlations among the variables were identified by multivariate analysis. The extraction of elements from sediments with EDTA, to predict the bioavailability of trace and toxic elements, has shown that among them As, Cd and Zn were the most bioavailable elements in lake sediment. 相似文献
78.
Farwell AJ Vesely S Nero V Rodriguez H McCormack K Shah S Dixon DG Glick BR 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,147(3):540-545
The growth of transgenic canola (Brassica napus) expressing a gene for the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase was compared to non-transformed canola exposed to flooding and elevated soil Ni concentration, in situ. In addition, the ability of the plant growth-promoting bacterium Pseudomonas putida UW4, which also expresses ACC deaminase, to facilitate the growth of non-transformed and transgenic canola under the above mentioned conditions was examined. Transgenic canola and/or canola treated with P. putida UW4 had greater shoot biomass compared to non-transformed canola under low flood-stress conditions. Under high flood-stress conditions, shoot biomass was reduced and Ni accumulation was increased in all instances relative to low flood-stress conditions. This is the first field study to document the increase in plant tolerance utilizing transgenic plants and plant growth-promoting bacteria exposed to multiple stressors. 相似文献
79.
Tyre recycling has become a necessity because of the huge piles of tyres that represent a threat to the environment. The used
tyres represent a source of energy and valuable chemical products. Waste tyres were pyrolysed catalytically in a batch reactor
under atmospheric pressure. Calcium carbide was used as a catalyst to explore its effect on pyrolysis product distribution.
The effect of temperature, amount of catalyst and time on the yields of the pyrolysed products was investigated. Char yield
decreased with increase of pyrolysis temperature while total gas and liquid yields increased. The liquid fraction was obtained
with boiling point up to 320 °C. The physical and chemical properties of the pyrolysed products obtained were characterized.
The catalytic pyrolysis produced 45 wt.% aromatic, 35 wt.% aliphatic and 20 wt.% of polar hydrocarbons.
The distillation data showed that ∼80% of oil has boiling point below 270 °C which is the boiling point for 50% of distilled
product in commercial diesel oil. The oil fraction was found to have high gross calorific value; GCV (42.8 MJ kg−1). Its Specific gravity, viscosity, Kinematic viscosity, freezing point and diesel index were also within the limits of diesel
fuel.
The char residues were studied to investigate their characteristics for use as a possible adsorbent. Surface area of char
before and after acid demineralization was determined to determine the adsorptive features for waste water treatment. 相似文献
80.
Khan Nasir Abbas Gao Qijie Abid Muhammad Shah Ashfaq Ahmad 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(4):4229-4244
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In developing countries like Pakistan, agriculture constitutes the primary source of support for the majority of rural and the adjacent urban... 相似文献