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31.
Xiao-jun Wang Jian-yun Zhang Shamsuddin Shahid Amgad ElMahdi Rui-min He Xin-gong Wang Mahtab Ali 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(1):65-75
Yellow River, is designated as “the cradle of Chinese civilization” and played a key role not only in the country’s economic
development but also in the historic and cultural identity of the Chinese people. With the rapid economic development and
population growth, water demand for industry and households has increased significantly in the Yellow River basin; this has
caused an increasing gap between water supply and demand. Competing water demands triggered conflicts between disparate water
users on different scales such as the rich and the poor, or between different sectors and regions, such as domestic and agriculture,
agriculture and industry, upstream and downstream, rural and urban areas, etc. Ensuring equity in water supply for conflicting
water users is one of the major challenges that facing water managers and in particular water management in the Yellow River
basin. In this paper, a method has been developed to calculate the Gini coefficient of water use as an indicator to measure
the equality in domestic water supply. A dual domestic water use structure model is employed for this purpose. The developed
method is subsequently applied to assess the equality in domestic water supply in the Yellow River. Data of population growth,
domestic water use and economic development over the time period 1999-2006 are used to calculate the Gini coefficient of water
use over the same length of period. The result shows a decreasing trend in Gini coefficient of domestic water use in the Yellow
River basin after 2001 which means domestic water use is becoming more and more equitable in the basin. The study justifies
that the Gini coefficient of water use can be used and recommended as a useful tool for the water management especially in
the context of global change. 相似文献
32.
Shahid Mahboob H.F. Alkkahem Al-Balwai F. Al-Misned K.A. Al-Ghanim Z. Ahmad 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(5):783-798
Concentrations of nine heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, As, and Fe) in the muscles of four fish species (O. niloticus, C. gariepinus, P. latipinna, and A. d. dispar) collected from the Riyadh River were detected using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in two different seasons in 2012. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals except Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu in Aphanius d. dispar and Poecilia latipinna were found to be below the safe limits suggested by various authorities. This study also showed that Zn was predominant, while Cr was least accumulated metal in the studied fish muscles. Data demonstrated that there was a significant variation in the heavy-metal concentrations in different fish species in the Riyadh River. Significant positive correlations between heavy-metal concentrations in fish muscles were also found both in pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Metal pollution index was calculated to distinguish polluted from unpolluted ecosystems based upon current knowledge of metal bioavailability, bioconcentration, and bioaccumulation patterns. From the human health point of view, this study showed that there was a possible health risk to consumers due to the intake of Aphanius d. dispar and Poecilia latipinna under the current consumption rate in the country. 相似文献
33.
Shahid Mahboob H.F. Alkkahem Al-Balwai K.A. Al-Ghanim F. Al-Misned Z. Ahmed El-Amin M. Suliman 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(4):624-632
Antioxidant enzyme activities of fish (Oreochromis niloticus) were determined in order to assess the status of pollution in the Wadi Namar (WN), near Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Activities of four antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and oxidant malondialdehyde (MDA) were selected as bioindicators. Fish (n = 14) were sampled in the month of April 2013 from WN and a control site (CS). SOD activity was increased by 37.9%, 47%, and 29% in kidney, liver, and heart, respectively, while a significant decrease (36.4%) was observed in gills of O. niloticus from WN as compared to fish from CS. CAT activity was reduced by 51%, 55%, 47%, and 35% in kidney, liver, heart, and gills of O. niloticus from WN. The GST activities in kidney, liver, and heart of O. niloticus from WN were elevated by 34%, 48%, and 32%, respectively. However, significant fall (49%) in gills of fish was noted from WN compared to fish from CS. GSH levels were increased by 44%, 36%, and 38% in kidney, liver, and heart, respectively, but decreased by 30% in gills. MDA levels of O. niloticus were significantly increased in kidney, liver, and heart in fish from WN. Data indicated that WN is polluted mainly by industrial and urban discharge of liquid waste products. 相似文献
34.
Muhammad Nadeem Asghar Aneela Anwar Hafiz Muhammad Abdur Rahman Sammia Shahid Iram Nadeem 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(8-10):659-676
AbstractThe objective of the present study is to synthesize various metal ions mixed TiO2 nanoparticles using a continuous hydrothermal synthesis pilot reactor for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). In the pilot plant, aqueous solutions of the metal salts are mixed with a flow of supercritical water (450?°C and 24.1?MPa) in a confined jet mixer for continuous synthesis of metal ions-mixed nano-titania. Characterization of the particles was made using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller technique for specific surface area, powder X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy for identification and crystallite size, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for surface analysis and infrared spectroscopy for distinct group identification. Following the already existing procedures and using the titanates synthesized, dye-sensitized cells of 1?cm2 area were assembled and their photovoltaic parameters were evaluated under standard test conditions. The power conversion efficiencies (η %) for 40?mol % Zn2+, 5?mol % Zr4+ and 10?mol % Zn4+ titania were obtained to be 4.8, 4.95 and 4.9, respectively. The promising efficiency results from a greener and large-scale production of nano-titania is a step forward towards commercializing DSC technology. 相似文献
35.
Fozia Batool Shahid Iqbal Kim Wei Chan Muhammad Ilyas Tariq Afzal Shah Muhammad Mustaqeem 《Environmental Forensics》2015,16(1):1-6
Hair and nail samples from young Pakistani adults were separately analyzed for quantification of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. The concentrations of these metals were also analyzed in commonly consumed local foods to evaluate potential correlation of hair and nail concentrations with diet. Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.349 to 0.999, demonstrating diet to be a significant contributor for accumulation of heavy metals in humans. 相似文献
36.
Khan Muhammad Hafeez Ullah Khattak Jabar Zaman Khan Jamil Muhammad Malook Ijaz Khan Shahid Ullah Jan Mehmood Din Ismail Saud Shah Kamran Muhammad Alharby Hesham Fahad Shah 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(30):23850-23863
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Salinity is a worldwide environmental problem of agricultural lands. Smoke and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) are individually used to improve... 相似文献
37.
The concentration addition (CA) and the independent action (IA) models are widely used for predicting mixture toxicity based on its composition and individual component dose–response profiles. However, the prediction based on these models may be inaccurate due to interaction among mixture components. In this work, the nature and prevalence of non-additive effects were explored for binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures composed of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs). The toxicity of each individual component and mixture was determined using the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay. For each combination of chemicals specified by the 2n factorial design, the percent deviation of the predicted toxic effect from the measured value was used to characterize mixtures as synergistic (positive deviation) and antagonistic (negative deviation). An arbitrary classification scheme was proposed based on the magnitude of deviation (d) as: additive (10%, class-I) and moderately (10 < d 30%, class-II), highly (30 < d 50%, class-III) and very highly (>50%, class-IV) antagonistic/synergistic. Naphthalene, n-butanol, o-xylene, catechol and p-cresol led to synergism in mixtures while 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene and 1, 3-dimethylnaphthalene contributed to antagonism. Most of the mixtures depicted additive or antagonistic effect. Synergism was prominent in some of the mixtures, such as, pulp and paper, textile dyes, and a mixture composed of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The organic chemical industry mixture depicted the highest abundance of antagonism and least synergism. Mixture toxicity was found to depend on partition coefficient, molecular connectivity index and relative concentration of the components. 相似文献
38.
Species Redundancy and Ecosystem Reliability 总被引:35,自引:0,他引:35
Shahid Naeem 《Conservation biology》1998,12(1):39-45
39.
Mohammed Shahid Akhlaq 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1997,4(4):217-222
A two-step analytical method is developed for the isolation and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
in crude oil contaminated soil. In the first step, those crude oil components were isolated which are easily mobilized with
water from the contaminated soil (determination of groundwater pollution potential). In the second step, the fraction containing
the remaining crude oil compounds was extracted using toluene. After the cleanup of the fractions, both fractions were analyzed
using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
The HPLC of the toluene extracted fraction shows that along with the sixteen priority pollutants from the US-EPA list, many
other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present as well. It is evident from the chromatograms that a significant
amount of PAHs are present as is also the case in the fractions eluted by water.
The described method allows the determination of total organic pollutants from crude oil, some of them being potential groundwater
contaminants. The major part of the total pollutants could not be mobilized by water and therefore remains in the soil, which
was extracted in the second step. 相似文献
40.
Azeem Waqas Ashraf Muhammad Shahzad Sher Muhammad Imtiaz Muhammad Akhtar Mumtaz Rizwan Muhammad Shahid 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(31):24376-24386
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Relations between phosphate and arsenate are important but inconsistent to influence arsenic (As) phytotoxicity depending on many plant and soil... 相似文献