消融的冰川：加拿大班夫国家公园亚高山带鲍湖中持久性有机氯的主要来源

有机氯杀虫剂和多氯联苯（PCB）是环境中普遍而稳固的化合物。现已查明，由于它们从温暖的地区逐渐蒸发出来，并在较冷的地区凝聚下来，因而它们富集在寒冷的环境中。在本研究中，我们的结果是，消融的冰川供给阿尔伯达亚高山带湖泊中的有机氯输入量为50%～97％，而提供的水量为73％。对氚的分析结果表明，在夏季的中、晚期，至少10％的冰川消融物是在1950～1970年期间沉积下来的，这期间它受到有机氯更多的污染。这一发现表明，气候变暖可能会使消融的冰川成为日益增多的淡水污染物来源。由于有机物贫乏的冰川粘土对多氯联苯这样的疏水化合物的吸附能力有限，因此冰川水流带来的有机氯大多呈溶解状态。     

Experimental determination of sorption in fractured flow systems

Fracture "skins" are alteration zones on fracture surfaces created by a variety of biological, chemical, and physical processes. Skins increase surface area, where sorption occurs, compared to the unaltered rock matrix. This study examines the sorption of organic solutes on altered fracture surfaces in an experimental fracture-flow apparatus. Fracture skins containing abundant metal oxides, clays, and organic material from the Breathitt Formation (Kentucky, USA) were collected in a manner such that skin surface integrity was maintained. The samples were reassembled in the lab in a flow-through apparatus that simulated approximately 2.7 m of a linear fracture "conduit." A dual-tracer injection scheme was utilized with the sorbing or reactive tracer compared to a non-reactive tracer (chloride) injected simultaneously. Sorption was assessed from the ratio of the first temporal moments of the breakthrough curves and from the loss of reactive tracer mass and evaluated as a function of flow velocity and solute type. The breakthrough curves suggest dual-flow regimes in the fracture with both sorbing and non-sorbing flow fields. Significant sorption occurs for the reactive components, and sorption increased with decreasing flow rate and decreasing compound solubility. Based on moment analysis, however, there was little retardation of the center of solute mass. These data suggest that non-equilibrium sorption processes dominate and that slow desorption and boundary layer diffusion cause extensive tailing in the breakthrough curves.     

CeO_2/Fe_2O_3对高浓度苯酚废水微波诱导的氧化催化

对高浓度苯酚废水提出了用复合催化剂CeO2/Fe2O3进行微波诱导催化氧化的降解方法,并与单一催化剂Fe2O3的催化氧化效果进行了比较,对两者的表观反应动力学进行了分析,结果表明复合催化剂的催化效果比单一催化剂的催化效果高15%以上,其主要原因是CeO2/Fe2O3复合物具有很强的催化能力和较高的干电流变活性,有利于电子的迁移和羟基自由基·OH的形成,从而有利于苯酚的氧化降解。     

海水入侵污水放流系统及其清除研究

研究海水入侵污水放流系统及其清除特性有助于系统优化设计和运行保护。运用水力学一般原理推导了清除流量和入侵临界流量的估算公式,并根据数学模型模拟结果讨论了部分系统参数对清除和入侵的影响,指出系统沿程阻力的增加及扩散器主管截面逐渐减小对减小清除流量作用不大,而立管在主管底部与主管联结与在顶部联结相比一般可减小清除流量10％以上。系统清除流量和人侵临界流量与立管个数成正比。还介绍了鸭嘴阀,文丘里喉管等几种限制入侵和帮助清除的技术措施。介绍的方法与结果可供工程实际应用。     

Effects of kelthane on the estuarine shrimp Crangon tranciscorum

The chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide Kelthane was assayed for effects on food consumption, molting rate, cannibalism, respiration, mortality and behavior of the estuarine shrimp Crangon franciscorum Stimpson. The test system was a single-pass pulse-flow apparatus employing a modified Mount-Brungs style diluter. Treatment levels were 0, 14, 33 and 81 g l^-1 Kelthane at 16.6°C and 19 S over an exposure period of 317 h. Exposure to Kelthane reduced food consumption, molting rate, cannibalism, and respiration. Behavior also was abnormal in exposed shrimp. They spent more time swimming, were less coordinated and had feeble escape reactions. Kelthane was very toxic to C. franciscorum with LT₅₀ values of 163, 196 and 264 h for shrimp exposed to 81, 33 and 14 g l^-1 respectively. The incipient lethal level of Kelthane is probably below 14 g l^-1.     

德尔菲法在归纳主要环境问题中的应用

尝试用德尔菲法归纳建德市的主要环境问题,对15位专家的2轮咨询结果进行统计分析,筛选出15个指标组合成10个主要环境问题,较好地反映了建德市的环境污染现状和变化趋势。     

A GRAPHICAL PROCEDURE FOR CLASSIFYING AQUIFER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

ABSTRACT: A graphical procedure for classifying aquifer management strategy is proposed for use as a visual aid. The increasing demand for water, changes in the type of water uses and water sources, and economic consideration indicate that optimal strategies can shift over time. The procedure is described and, as an example, applied to the Tucson Basin. This procedure provides a simple visual tool for nonhydrologists, demonstrates the importance of water use and source interplay, and allows consideration of the time element in managing ground-water resources.     

Anticipating public attitudes toward underground CO2 storage

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) may play a central role in managing carbon emissions from the power sector and industry, but public support for the technology is unclear. To address this knowledge gap, and to test the use of discrete choice analysis for determining public attitudes, two focus groups and a national survey were conducted in Canada to investigate the public's perceptions of the benefits and risks of CCS, the likely determinants of public opinion, and overall support for the use of CCS.The results showed slight support for CCS development in Canada, and a belief that CCS is less risky than normal oil and gas industry operations, nuclear power, or coal-burning power plants. A majority of respondents indicate that they would support the use of CCS as part of a greenhouse gas reduction strategy, although it would likely have to be used in combination with energy efficiency and alternative energy technologies in order to retain public support.