湖南某铀尾矿库周边土壤外源铀输入机制的研究

选择湖南某铀尾矿库周边的3条土壤剖面S1、S2、S3作为研究对象,通过与区域上背景剖面以及尾矿库中铀尾砂样品的地球化学特征对比,并结合逐级化学提取技术,讨论了土壤中外源铀的输入机制。研究表明:(1)铀尾矿库对周边土壤已产生了铀污染,其中,近源土壤剖面S1、S2遭受了重度铀污染,以单因子指数法表征的污染指数Pi分别为18.98和14.76,随着远离污染源,土壤的铀污染程度呈降低趋势(如远源的剖面S3的Pi=1.35)。(2)作为农业土壤,由于受耕作过程中的人为扰动,外源铀的输入已贯穿了整个剖面。(3)土壤中外源铀的输入,特别是对于遭受了重度铀污染的近源土壤剖面,主要包括两种机制,一是随铀尾砂的机械混入,二是随渗滤液的离子输入,以前者为主。然而,对于土壤中占绝对优势的专性吸附态(Ⅱ)外源铀,主要来自于后者的贡献。随铀尾砂机械混入的铀,其赋存形态在土壤中得到了继承;随渗滤液的离子输入的铀,主要专性吸附在土壤基质上。本研究为有效开展铀尾矿库的治理提供了重要参考依据。     

Atmospheric mercury monitoring survey in Beijing,China

With the aid of one industrial, two urban, two suburban, and two rural sampling locations, diurnal patterns of total gaseous mercury (TGM) were monitored in January, February and September of 1998 in Beijing, China. Monitoring was conducted in six (two urban, two suburban, one rural and the industrial sites) of the seven sampling sites during January and February (winter) and in four (two urban, one rural, and the industrial sites) of the sampling locations during September (summer) of 1998. In the three suburban sampling stations, mean TGM concentrations during the winter sampling period were 8.6, 10.7, and 6.2 ng/m3, respectively. In the two urban sampling locations mean TGM concentrations during winter and summer sampling periods were 24.7, 8.3, 10, and 12.7 ng/m3, respectively. In the suburban-industrial and the two rural sampling locations, mean mercury concentrations ranged from 3.1-5.3 ng/m3 in winter to 4.1-7.7 ng/m3 in summer sampling periods. In the Tiananmen Square (urban), and Shijingshan (suburban) sampling locations the mean TGM concentrations during the summer sampling period were higher than winter concentrations, which may have been caused by evaporation of soil-bound mercury in warm periods. Continuous meteorological data were available at one of the suburban sites, which allowed the observation of mercury concentration variations associated with some weather parameters. It was found that there was a moderate negative correlation between the wind speed and the TGM concentration at this suburban sampling location. It was also found that during the sampling period at the same site, the quantity of TGM transported to or from the sampling site was mainly influenced by the duration and frequency of wind occurrence from certain directions.     

气候变化与持续农业浅析

从持续农业的内涵出发,讨论了气候变化与持续农业的关系。并从农作物生产力和产量、种植制度、区域农业生产及生产费用等几方面分析了气候变化对中国持续农业的影响。指出温室效应引起的气候变化可能使我国农业生产的不稳定性加剧,自然资源短缺,农业成本增加,对农业生产有一定的不利影响,不应盲目乐观。     

钒气氛对提钒转炉烟气净化系统腐蚀的探讨

探讨提钒转炉烟气净化系统在钒气氛等综合影响下的管道和设备腐蚀机理,分析了腐蚀发生的一些特定诱因,提出了解决腐蚀的具体措施和建议。     

软锰矿浆催化氧化烟气SO2的动力学初探

对高液固比软锰矿浆与烟气SO2产酸过程进行了研究,在考察液固比、氧浓度和pH值等对反应过程影响的实验基础上,认为高液固比下主要发生的是软锰矿浆对烟气SO2的催化氧化生成硫酸的反应,并认为在[O2]控制区内,反应可以分为线性阶段和幂函数2个反应阶段.     

被动采样法表征降水离子浓度和通量的局限性

降水(湿沉降)是大气污染物进入地表环境的主要途径,由于传统的被动采样法易受到颗粒物和气体干沉降的干扰,而采集到的混合沉降样品不能科学表征降水化学组成,也不能准确量化湿沉降通量,因此目前正逐步被主动采样法所取代. 采用主动和被动2种采样法同步采集了降水样品,以考察被动采样法表征降水离子浓度和通量的适用性. 结果表明:被动采样法采集的降水样品中离子浓度明显偏高,其中ρ(NO₃-)、ρ(Mg2+)、ρ(Ca2+)、ρ(K+)、ρ(Cl-)、ρ(SO₄2-)、ρ(Na+)和ρ(NH₄+)分别比主动采样法高65%、58%、43%、41%、35%、26%、10%和9%. 受大气污染物干沉降影响,被动采样法获得的NO₃-、NH₄+和SO₄2-混合沉降通量分别比主动采样法获得的湿沉降通量高79%、18%和35%,差异最显著的是NO₃-. 被动采样法可以收集氮和硫的湿沉降,但不能有效捕获二者以颗粒物和气体形式发生的干沉降,对二者沉降总通量(干沉降通量+湿沉降通量)低估达39%〔23 kg/(hm2·a)〕和40%〔20 kg/(hm2·a)〕. 因此,鉴于大气污染形势日趋严重,污染物的干沉降作用凸显,被动采样法已难以准确测算污染物从大气向地表的沉降总通量,需要全面考虑细颗粒物(粒径≤2.5 μm)和气态物种(如HNO₃)的贡献.      

LF钢包精炼炉烟气参数的理论分析与计算

用钢包精炼炉(LF)炉气量、炉盖烟气量、炉盖烟气温度等参数结合冶炼工艺及炉盖结构进行理论分析,总结出确定以上参数的计算公式,以此可指导LF的工艺设计、炉盖结构设计以及除尘系统的设计与实践。     

Hydrogeochemical tracing of mineral water in Jingyu County,Northeast China

The east Jilin Province in China, Jingyu County has been explored as a potential for enriching mineral water. In order to assess the water quality and quantity, it is of crucial importance to investigate the origin of the mineral water and its flow paths. In this study, eighteen mineral springs were sampled in May and September of 2012, May and September of 2013, and May 2014 and the environment, evolvement, and reaction mechanism of mineral water formation were analysed by hydrochemical data analysis, geochemical modelling and multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the investigated mineral water was rich in calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, nitrate, total iron, silicate, and strontium, and mineral water ages ranged from 11.0 to more than 61.0 years. The U-shape contours of the mineral ages indicate a local and discrete recharge. The mineral compositions of the rocks were olivine, potassium feldspar, pyroxene, albite, and anorthite and were under-saturated in the mineral water. The origin of mineral water was from the hydrolysis of basalt minerals under a neutral to slightly alkaline and CO₂-rich environment.