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61.
Naoko NAKAGAWA Masahiro OTAKI Shinji MIURA Hironobu HAMASUNA Katsuyoshi ISHIZAKI 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2006,18(6):1088-1093
Sustainable sanitation is an approach for more ecological and sustainable water resources management. In this paper, we proposed one of the new integrated waste treatment systems: an "sustainable sanitation system" that includes separation of the black water from water system by a non-flushing toilet (bio-toilet), and a gray water treatment based on a biological and ecological concept. Sustainable sanitation system also converts the domestic waste to soil conditioners and fertilizers, for farmland use. As one of the case studies, Environmentally Symbiotic Housing in which people actually live using the bio-toilet for the black water treatment and the household wastewater treatment facility for the gray water was introduced. The availability of this system was investigated by analyzing the sawdust used in the bio-toilet and the quality of the effluent in the household wastewater treatment facility. As the result, the water content of the sawdust did not exceed 60% in any of the sampling points and the BOD and COD of the effluent of the household wastewater treatment facility were below 10 and 20 mg/L respectively, due to the low loading. Compared to the pollution load on the water environment created by the conventional system, it was found that the effluent of the house has a lower load than the tertiary treatment and the volume of the water consumption is 75% of the conventional system. 相似文献
62.
Yoshihiro Nakashima Narumi Kamei Shinji Kobayashi Yoshizumi Kajii 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(4):468-475
Total OH reactivity for the exhaust gas of gasoline vehicles was measured for the first time under nine different driving conditions with a chassis dynamometer at the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). Along with the total OH reactivity measurements, analysis of trace species such as CH4, CO, NO, NO2, and 56 kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including two aldehydes, was carried out. The ratio of alkanes to alkenes in the exhaust gas turned out to depend on the condition of the driving cycles. There were a considerable number of unidentified peaks obtained during GC analysis. About 15–30% of the total carbon was unidentified species. The chemical compositions of vehicular exhaust were found to depend on the temperature of the engine or catalysts. The contribution of OH reactivity to the species obtained depended on the temperature condition for the engine. The calculated total OH reactivity for VOCs was compared with ozone formation potential (OFP) and it turned out that there are in good correlation, while the correlation for “Cold” start deviates from that for “Hot” start. The measured and calculated OH reactivities were compared with each other. For all driving cycles, the calculated OH reactivity was confirmed to be an underestimation, implying the existence of unknown species in the exhaust gas. The percentage contribution of OH reactivity to the unknown species during “Cold” start was about 17.5%, which was almost the same as that for “Hot” start at 17.0%. However, the absolute value of OH reactivity for “Cold” start was about ten times higher than that for “Hot” start. 相似文献
63.
The degree of cadmium (Cd) contamination in wildlife is often used as an indicator in the environmental monitoring of Cd poisoning.
However, previous studies have not clarified the correlation between levels in wildlife and levels in the environment by comparing
levels among different species of animals; therefore, assessing the level of pollution in this manner is not considered a
reliably accurate indicator of levels in the environment. The aim of this study was to establish a new indicator for the non-polluted
warm-blooded animals, one that is not species-dependent, which will facilitate using different species for Cd monitoring.
First, the previous publications regarding Cd contents in wildlife, 27 reports in which Cd contents were represented as arithmetic
means and described for both kidney and liver were selected. A regression line (CSRL) between Cd contents of kidney and that
of liver was obtained in a high correlation coefficient (R
2 = 0.943, P < 0.01). The mean values from land and waterfowl, terrestrial mammals, seabirds, marine mammals, and non-polluted humans
were located on the line and aligned in order. CSRL might allow an accurate determination of whether an animal is polluted
by Cd. CSRL was confirmed using well-established and widely recognized pollution models such as Itai-itai patients and Cd-exposed
experimental animals. The Cd contents from these models were located in different positions relative to CSRL depending on
the level of contamination. Thus, this new indicator determining the Cd-pollution status of animals would be useful for environmental
monitoring. 相似文献
64.
Academics, policymakers, and practitioners have long considered peace and sustainability to be fundamentally linked. However, despite the increased attention paid toward the intersection of peace and sustainability, there is still limited knowledge on the nature of their linkages. To advance the current understanding on the peace–sustainability nexus and inform an integrated research agenda, this paper employs a scientometric analysis of literature to identify publication trends, thematic clusters, and knowledge gaps. Analyzing the publications according to the types of peace, the pillars of positive peace, the dimensions of sustainability, and the SDGs further reveals weak engagement among academic disciplines and across the SDGs. The results of this analysis emphasize the need for future research to focus on underexamined subjects, geographic regions, and sectors to bolster the linkages between peace and sustainability.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01388-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
65.
66.
The future of the environment in China until the year 2050 has been forecasted through a heuristic approach. A questionnaire survey was given to a group of Japanese experts concerning 47 selected indices, including past data and reference data about other countries. The indices were related to aspects of the economy, population, food, energy, transportation, and the environment. The experts were requested to plot a graph for each index up to 2050 based on their intuition. The lines drawn by 60 experts were compiled along with their comments, and the characteristics of each index were analyzed. Different values for the indices regarding transportation and per capita GDP were forecasted by the experts, while rather similar values were obtained for those referencing population and food consumption. The respective fields of the experts were found to affect their perspectives on the future. Economists tended to show rather optimistic views, expressing a business-as-usual scenario, while engineers predicted limited growth but technological innovation. 相似文献
67.
68.
The dry-wet cycle is a common climatic phenomenon in the tropical regions of monsoon-affected Asia. An intermittent increase
in N2O was clearly observed in the Bang Nara River, with a tropical swamp catchment at the beginning of rainy season of November
1997. The intramolecular distribution of isotopes clearly demonstrated that nitrification is the major process for the production
of N2O. Using stable isotope data, the production mechanism of N2O in the study areas was found to vary in time and space with changes in the redox boundary along the water flow.
Received: 2 November 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 19 January 2000 相似文献
69.
Seasonal changes in diversity and community structure of planktonic copepods at a shelf site in Sagami Bay, Japan was studied
in relation to cross-shelf interaction of species components. Seasonal mesozooplankton samples were collected from the shelf
station (St. M) of the north-west part of Sagami Bay from 1995 to 1997. Vertical multi-layered samples were collected near
the center of Sagami Bay (St. P) in June 1996. A total 185 copepod species were identified from the two stations. We observed
a clear seasonal succession in calanoid diversity and community structure at St. M from a simple shelf water community (>11
species) during spring blooming periods to highly diverse and mixed communities (ca 20–30 species) of shelf water species
coupled with various Kuroshio Current species during late summer to autumn. Cluster and non-metric multidimensional scaling
ordination analyses showed two distinct calanoid community groups. One group, which included samples of St. M and the surface
layer of St. P, consisted of shelf water species, such as Calanus sinicus, Ctenocalanus vanus, Paracalanus spp., and Kuroshio species, such as, Canthocalanus pauper, Scolecithrix danae, etc. The other cluster was restricted to the samples collected from mid and deep layers at St. P, which consisted of meso-
and bathypelagic species and Oyashio species (cold-current species, such as Neocalanus cristatus, Pseudocalanus spp., Eucalanus bungii and Metridia pacifica). In the mid and deep layers at St. P, the population of dormant copepodid stage V (CV) of Eucalanus californicus and C. sinicus were dominant. The deep CV population of C. sinicus might be ecologically discriminated from the surface and shelf water population due to their larger body length and dormant
life cycle. E. californicus was also collected at the shelf site during each spring bloom period, whereas the population might descend into the mid-
and deep-layers of the central bay before summer. Our results suggest that the seasonal fluctuation of community structure
in the shelf water was controlled by both physical (Kuroshio Current) and biological factors, i.e., spring bloom and ontogenetic
vertical migration of E. californicus. In particular, transport and diffusion processes of Kuroshio Current in Sagami Bay played a key role in controlling the
shelf water calanoid community. 相似文献
70.
Yusaku Fujii Koichi Maru Kojiro Kobayashi Noriaki Yoshiura Naoya Ohta Hiroshi Ueda Preecha Yupapin 《Safety Science》2010,48(7):921-925
The e-JIKEI Network, a concept for realizing a safer and more comfortable community, and the e-JIKEI Camera, a stand-alone camera developed for the e-JIKEI Network, are reviewed. The concept of the e-JIKEI Network is that residents view their surroundings using cheap cameras, which act as their eyes, and home computers, which act as their brains, using the free software provided by us through the Internet. For the complete protection of the privacy of ordinary citizens, we propose a second concept supporting the concept of the e-JIKEI Network; in this concept, those who own and manage images (owners) and those who have the right to view these images (viewers) are separated by means of image encryption. Since 2004, the “Dairi-EYE” series, a free software for a personal computer (PC)-based system, has been distributed through our website. However, the use of PCs is not very user-friendly. Therefore, an all-in-one device called the “e-JIKEI Camera” has been developed. A social experiment of the e-JIKEI Network using e-JIKEI Cameras has been carried out. 相似文献