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311.
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313.
舒长根 《生态与农村环境学报》1996,(4)
鄱阳湖区是江西省重要商品粮基地,但其生态环境也有较为脆弱的一面。某些违反生态规律的农业生产活动导致该区生态环境的恶化。本文从围湖造田、湖区传统耕作制度、乡镇企业发展及农民环境意识淡薄等方面分析了它们对湖区生态环境的影响,并提出几点治理意见。 相似文献
314.
Background Frequent application of Bordeaux mixture, which includes copper, as a fungicide in fruit and grape orchards may lead to copper accumulation in the soil, especially when orchard age and application times increase. The objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the copper content and its spatial distribution in orchard soils; (ii) to identify the copper fractionation in soil and its relationship with plant uptake; (iii) to understand the characteristics of copper contamination in orchard soils. Materials and Methods Soil profile samples were taken in apple orchards with ages of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 years and pot experiments were also carried out to study the effects of external copper input on copper fractionation. All soil samples were air-dried, ground and extracted with 0.43 mol L1 HNO3 for the total absorbed copper. Fractionation determination was conducted following Tessier and Shuman sequential extraction methods, and copper was measured with AAS. Plant samples were first dry ashed, dissolved with 6 mol L1 HCl and then copper and other elements were measured with ICP-MS.Results and Discussion Soil total Cu was higher in the apple orchards than that in non-orchard fields and was seen to have increased with orchard age. Soil Cu increased substantially with the average annual copper increase, ranging from 2.5 to 9 mg Cu kg1. The distribution of copper in the soil profile was uneven, decreasing from surface to deeper layers, and the differences were significant, but the contents in every layer were also significantly correlated with those in the next layers.
For all copper fractions, the organically bound, crystalline Mn oxide bound, and amorphous Fe bound fractions extracted with the Shuman method were much higher than the exchangeable and residual fractions. Using the Tessier method, organically bound, carbonate bound and Fe-Mn oxide bound fractions were much higher. With an increase in external copper input, the organically bound, crystalline Mn oxide bound and amorphous Fe bound fractions in the Shuman method and organically bound, carbonate bound and Fe-Mn oxide bound fractions in the Tessier method all increased significantly, while the changes in other fractions were not significant.
Soil total copper and copper fractions were found to have good correlations with apple tree uptake. Copper in fruit flesh had significant correlations with soil total content in the 010 cm layer, all the copper fractions in the 05 cm layer, and some fractions in the deeper layers. Conclusion Copper content in orchard soils increased significantly with intensive application of Bordeaux mixtures and orchard age. Copper content decreased sharply from the topsoil to deeper soil layers. The copper contents in different layers also significantly correlated with those in the next layers. Dominant fractions of the copper in soil were mainly associated with organic matter, iron and manganese oxides and carbonates. A close relationship was found between the copper content in soils and in apple tree organs (which contained 8.9 to 66mg kg1 Cu). Recommendation and Perspective Though most copper in the soil was specifically adsorbed or immobilized, and copper was mainly distributed in topsoil, which was essentially devoid of roots, the copper concentration of fruit still had significantly positive correlations with soil copper and most copper fractions. Therefore, measures must be taken to control copper accumulation in orchard soils and to make the apple fruit production sustainable. 相似文献
315.
The characterization of the Chlorella vulgaris solution was carried out using synchronous-scan spectroscopy. The range of concentration of algae and Fe(III) in aqueous solutions were 5 × 108–8 × 109 cells l−1 and 10–60 μM, respectively. Effective characterization method used was synchronous-scan fluorescence spectroscopy. The wavelength difference (Δλ) of 90 nm was maintained between excitation and emission wavelengths; 90 nm was found to be the best Δλ for effective characterization of Chlorella vulgaris solution with or without quencher species (e.g., Fe(III), humic acid (HA)) for the first time. The peak was observed at about EX 236.6 nm/EM 326.6 nm for synchronous-scan fluorescence spectra. The fluorescence quenching of algae in system of algae–Fe(III)–HA was studied using synchronous-scan spectroscopy for the first time. Fe(III) was clearly the effective quencher. The relationship between I0/I (quenching efficiency) and c (concentration of Fe(III) added) was a linear correlation for the algae solution with Fe(III). Also, Aldrich humic acid was found to be an effective quencher. pH effect on synchronous-scan fluorescence intensity of algal solution with Fe(III) and/or HA was evident. 相似文献
316.
春蚕期桑叶氟化物含量变化规律分析与研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
春蚕桑叶氟化物中毒引起政府部门的高度重视。通过对历年来桑叶含氟量监测数据统计分析,找出春蚕期桑叶含氟量日均值变化规律,并对规律成因进行探讨研究,为春蚕防氟工作提供科学依据。 相似文献
317.
长江、嘉陵江(重庆段)源水有机提取物的致突变活性及其季节变化 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为了确定并比较重庆主城区段长江、嘉陵江源水有机提取物的致突变性及其季节变化规律,分别于春、夏、冬季采用GDX-120大孔树脂,对位于城区上游、城区中段、城区下游以长江、嘉陵江源水的5个水厂的进厂水进行了有机物的浓缩提取。提取物的致突变活性采用经典的Ames试验平板掺入法评估,测试菌株为TA98及TA100,同时做加与不加S9的比较。结果显示,嘉陵江及长江源水的有机提取物均有不同程度的致突变活性。嘉陵江源水明显大于长江源水,城区中段源水明显大于上游段及下游段源水。多数断面显示平水期致突变活较为显著并且移码型致突变性大于碱基置换型致密变性。研究结果提示,城市污染源已导致长江、嘉陵江源水具备致突变活性,控制两江沿岸的各种水污染源已成为当务之急。 相似文献
318.
造纸黑液酸析法回收木质素 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
研究了加酸沉淀回收碱法草浆黑液中木质素的工艺,探讨了酸浓度,温度,pH值及加酸速度对木质素回收量的影响,得出的最佳条件是:硫酸浓度为50%,温度为40℃ ̄50℃,pH值为3.0左右,加酸速度以控制不使产生大量泡沫为准。在上述条件下,木质素的回收效果最佳。 相似文献
319.
System-level responses of lake ecosystems to chemical stresses using exergy and structural exergy as ecological indicators 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
This paper presents the system-level responses of experimental lake ecosystems to three chemical stresses (acidification, copper and pesticide contamination) using exergy and structural exergy as ecological indicators. The results indicate that the doses or toxicity of the three chemical stressors contributed to changes in both exergy and structural exergy. Remarkable changes in exergy and structural exergy occurred under acidic conditions and in the presence of Dursban, 24D-DMA, permethrin, bifenthrin, Carbaryl, TCP, PCP, trichlorethylene, benzene, and high doses of Cu, oil, and hexazinone. This seemed to indicate that the subject ecosystems were seriously contaminated by these chemical stressors. For low doses of Cu, oil, atrazine, HCBP, and hexazinone, exergy and structural exergy were either unchanged or only slightly changed, suggesting that the lake ecosystems were not significantly impacted by these chemical stressors. Discussion of the relationships between ecosystem-level changes and structural and functional changes in stressed lake ecosystems indicates that the above-mentioned ecosystem-level changes were in accordance with the changes in structure and function. The observed changes in exergy and structural exergy were also consistent with Odum's predictions of shortened food chains, reduced resource use efficiency, poor stability, low information, and high entropy in stressed aquatic ecosystems. The findings lead the authors to conclude that it is feasible for exergy and structural exergy to serve as ecological indicators when characterizing the system-level responses of experimental lake ecosystems to chemical stress. These results for experimental lake ecosystems would be extrapolated to actual lakes. 相似文献
320.
天津污灌区耕作土壤中多环芳烃的纵向分布 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
研究了天津污灌区土壤剖面中多环芳烃含量的分布特征,几个代表性样点的研究表明,天津市郊水稻田中PAHs含量最高,菜地含量居次,高粱地含量最低。PAHs总含量在土壤剖面的纵向分布总体上是随着土壤剖面的加深而降低。由于长期污水的淹灌作用,水稻田中PAHs含量出现了局部异常高值。用萘(Nap)、菲(Phe)和苯并[a]芘(Bap)作为高低环组分的代表物质分析PAHs在土壤剖面的分布规律,发现Nap、Phe和Bap的含量在纵向剖面上变化趋势基本相同,总体上含量随着剖面的加深而降低。比较单个组分含量在土壤剖面中的变化,在犁底层以下,Bap的含量基本上低于检测限,而Nap的含量在整个土壤剖面中均高于Bap。PAHs含量在土壤剖面上的分布主要受其物理化学性质、土壤中有机碳和粘粒含量的影响。 相似文献