降低蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的途径及其机制

蔬菜是一种喜硝,富氮的作物,所以蔬菜中硝酸盐含量较高。目前,由于偏施大量氮肥,造成蔬菜,特别是叶菜内硝酸盐含量大大超过健康标准。因此在保证高产的前提下,降低硝酸盐含量,提高品质,是迫切需要解决的问题。大量的研究表明,影响蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的因素既有内部的（品种等）,也有外部的（肥料,光照等）。本文对降低蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的途径及其机制作一综述。     

根据片段常数法估算有机化合物对虹鳟的LC50值

根据258种有机物对虹鳟的96h半数致死浓度(LC₅₀)实测值建立了预测有机物对虹鳟LC₅₀的片段常数估算模型.讨论了模型的误差和稳健性.结果表明,有机物的片段常数及结构因子与虹鳟log1/LC₅₀之间具有很好的定量关系.可以根据化合物片段估算其对虹鳟的半数致死浓度.最终模型的可决系数为0.9495,平均误差0.42个对数单位.无论就单一化合物或化合物类别而言,模型均具有较高的稳健性.     

北京市早市的噪声污染特点分析

对早市噪声的时间变化、空间分布进行了监测和分析.结果发现,早市噪声主要是清晨 货物进市场带来的高强度、高起伏度的交通噪声引起的,早市营业时其外边界噪声不是附近 居民区的主要噪声源.早市商品的类型和交易场所对噪声影响较大,蔬菜区噪声明显高于服装 区,室内蔬菜区噪声低于室外蔬菜区,室内服装区噪声高于室外服装区.这种差异可以外推到 不同类型市场的噪声差异.     

以摩托车为主的道路交通噪声预测模型

将摩托车流单独处理,通过理论推导和实测数据回归建立摩托车为主的道路交通噪声预测模型.模型对居住区的交通噪声(Leq)预测精度在 2.5dBA 以内,道路两侧 Leq预测精度更高,大部分测点误差在 1dBA 以内.     

双孢菇培养基废料对绿豆生长及AM真菌侵染的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究添加不同比例双孢菇(Agaricus bisporus)培养基废料(菇渣)对绿豆(Vigna radiate)生长及其根系受AM真菌侵染的影响.结果发现,在接种AM菌剂条件下,添加菇渣在基质中所占质量分数为5%~50%时,不同程度地提高了AM真菌对绿豆根系的侵染率,促进了植株生长与绿豆经济产量的提高,AM真菌侵染率在35 d左右达到高峰.添加20%菇渣的处理效果最佳,60 d收获时比对照植株高58%,生物量增加128%,豆荚干重增加598%,绿豆干重增加577%,经济产量(绿豆干重)与35 d时AM真菌对绿豆根系的侵染率呈显著线性回归关系(P<0.05).这说明添加20%左右的菇渣最有利于促进AM真菌对绿豆根系的侵染以及绿豆植株的营养生长和生殖生长.在最适菇渣比例(20%)条件下接种AM菌剂,基质灭菌(包括土壤与菇渣)处理的AM真菌侵染率与非灭菌对照没有显著差异,表明双孢菇培养基废料可以应用于AM菌剂的扩繁.     

天津地区表层土壤多环芳烃的多元统计分析

文章应用多种多元统计分析方法,分析了天津表土16种PAHs之间的关系。分析结果显示,多元统计分析比单变量分析,有着无可比拟的优越性,能提取出许多单变量分析无法表达的重要信息。     

Influence of fuel moisture, charge size, feeding rate and air ventilation conditions on the emissions of PM, OC, EC, parent PAHs, and their derivatives from residential wood combustion

Controlled combustion experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of fuel charge size, moisture, air ventilation and feeding rate on the emission factors (EFs) of carbonaceous particulate matter, parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and their derivatives from residential wood combustion in a typical brick cooking stove. Measured EFs were found to be independent of fuel charge size, but increased with increasing fuel moisture. Pollution emissions from the normal burning under an adequate air supply condition were the lowest for most pollutants, while more pollutants were emitted when an oxygen deficient atmosphere was formed in the stove chamber during fast burning. The impacts of these factors on the size distribution of emitted particles was also studied. Modified combustion efficiency and the four investigated factors explained 68%, 72%, and 64% of total variations in EFs of PM, organic carbon, and oxygenated PAHs, respectively, but only 36%, 38% and 42% of the total variations in EFs of elemental carbon, pPAHs and nitro-PAHs, respectively.     

Occurrence and infection risk of waterborne pathogens in Wanzhou watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), formed by China’s Yangtze Three Gorges Project, is the largest lake in the world, but there is too little information available about fecal contamination and waterborne pathogen impacts on this aquatic ecosystem. During two successive 1-year study periods (July 2009 to July 2011), the water quality in Wanzhou watershed of the TGR was tested with regard to the presence of fecal indicators and pathogens. According to Chinese and World Health Organization water quality standards, water quality in the mainstream was good but poor in backwater areas. Salmonella, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in the watershed. Prevalence and concentrations of the pathogens in the mainstream were lower than those in backwater areas. The estimated risk of infection with Salmonella, EHEC, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia per exposure event ranged from 2.9 × 10 -7 to 1.68 × 10-5 , 7.04 × 10-10 to 2.36 × 10-7 , 5.39 × 10-6 to 1.25 × 10-4 and 0 to 1.2 × 10-3 , respectively, for occupational divers and recreational swimmers exposed to the waters. The estimated risk of infection at exposure to the 95% upper confidence limit concentrations of Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia may be up to 2.62 × 10-5 , 2.55 × 10-4 and 2.86 × 10-3 , respectively. This study provides useful information for the residents, health care workers and managers to improve the safety of surface water and reduce the risk of fecal contamination in the TGR.     

地表水中高锰酸盐指数分析的质量控制

为了提高高锰酸盐指数项目测定的准确性,通过实验分析,从高锰酸钾的校正系数、蒸馏水空白值、水浴的温度、加热的时间、样品酸度、滴定的过程、滴定终点的判断等因素加以分析,找出其影响测定结果的原因。实验操作中,应注重上述因素的质量控制,以提高测试的准确性。     

氮源对氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸提废旧印刷线路板覆层铜的影响研究

采用摇瓶实验,在170rpm、30℃下,以氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)SW-02为浸提菌株,研究氮源对氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸提废旧印刷线路板覆层铜的影响。分析发现,以(NH4)2SO4作为氮源含量为1g/L时,浸提84h后铜浓度达到2.73g/L,铜的浸出效率较好。而采用(NH4)2HPO4作为氮源替代(NH4)2SO4,(NH4)2HPO4加入量在1g/L时效果较好,浸提84h后铜浓度达到3.52g/L。当(NH4)2HPO4在2g/L及以上时,会抑制细菌生长,导致浸出效率降低。实验结果表明,以(NH4)2HPO4作为氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长所需氮源,其浸出废旧印刷线路板覆层铜的效果优于(NH4)2SO4,最佳含量为1g/L。