人口统计的时空分析

本文以国际和国内人口统计的空间分析实验和动态分析为案例 ,阐述人口统计的科学分析方法及其在国民经济建设、城市化建设与国家安全等诸多方面的重要意义 ;指出“格网”数据库作为一种中间载体 ,有利于卫星遥感象元与人口数据的空间数据融合 ,有利于认识人口动态变迁的规律     

浅谈生态公益林的补偿

补偿是生态公益林外部性内部化的核心问题。从生态公益林的经济学属性出发，阐述了生态公益林产生的外部性及其公共物品的属性，并对生态公益林对所在地社会经济发展产生的负外部疚及补偿问题，做了重点的讨论。提出生态公益林的补偿学应局限于单纯的经济补偿，应该为利益受损的群体提供更多的经济机会和发展空间，引导地区产业的结构调整和升级换代。     

Characterization of aerosol optical properties, chemical composition and mixing states in the winter season in Shanghai, China

Physical and chemical properties of ambient aerosols at the single particle level were studied in Shanghai from December 22 to 28, 2009. A Cavity-Ring-Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer（CRD-AES） and a nephelometer were deployed to measure aerosol light extinction and scattering properties, respectively. An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer（ATOFMS）was used to detect single particle sizes and chemical composition. Seven particle types were detected. Air parcels arrived at the sampling site from the vicinity of Shanghai until mid-day of December 25, when they started to originate from North China. The aerosol extinction,scattering, and absorption coefficients all dropped sharply when this cold, clean air arrived.Aerosol particles changed from a highly aged type before this meteorological shift to a relatively fresh type afterwards. The aerosol optical properties were dependent on the wind direction.Aerosols with high extinction coefficient and scattering Angstrom exponent（SAE） were observed when the wind blew from the west and northwest, indicating that they were predominantly fine particles. Nitrate and ammonium correlated most strongly with the change in aerosol optical properties. In the elemental carbon/organic carbon（ECOC） particle type, the diurnal trends of single scattering albedo（SSA） and elemental carbon（EC） signal intensity had a negative correlation. We also found a negative correlation（r =-0.87） between high mass-OC particle number fraction and the SSA in a relatively clean period, suggesting that particulate aromatic components might play an important role in light absorption in urban areas.     

Particle number concentration, size distribution and chemical composition during haze and photochemical smog episodes in Shanghai

The aerosol number concentration and size distribution as well as size-resolved particle chemical composition were measured during haze and photochemical smog episodes in Shanghai in 2009. The number of haze days accounted for 43%, of which 30% was severe （visibility 〈 2 km） and moderate （2 km 〈 visibility 〈 3 km） haze, mainly distributed in winter and spring. The mean particle number concentration was about 17,000/cm3 in haze, more than 2 times that in clean days. The greatest increase of particle number concentration was in 0.5-1μm and 1-10 μm size fractions during haze events, about 17.78 times and 8.78 times those of clean days. The largest increase of particle number concentration was within 50-100 nm and 100-200 nm fractions during photochemical smog episodes, about 5.89 times and 4.29 times those of clean days. The particle volume concentration and surface concentration in haze, photochemical smog and clean days were 102, 49, 15 μm3/cm3 and 949, 649, 206 μm2/cm3, respectively. As haze events got more severe, the number concentration of particles smaller than 50 nm decreased, but the particles of 50-200 nm and 0.5-1μm increased. The diurnal variation of particle number concentration showed a bimodal pattern in haze days. All soluble ions were increased during haze events, of which NH4, SO24- and NO3 increased great/y, followed by Na＋, IC, Ca2＋ and CI-. These ions were very different in size-resolved particles during haze and photochemical smog episodes.     

铅污染土壤修复工艺技术研究

近年来,随着城市建设进程的加快,污染企业遗留下来的污染场地引起越来越多的关注,企业对土壤的污染产生很大不良的环境问题。自土壤重金属污染防治被关注开始,土壤污染的修复是很困难的,污染物处理费用非常昂贵,需要快速而有效的技术来加速修复土地的污染区。在本文中,选取一个典型铅污染土壤为研究方向,论述铅蓄电池中铅酸污染地块的修复工艺技术,对受污染场地土壤特性和环境风险进行评估,确定修复的可行性和修复的价值,通过土壤修复清洗技术,优化土壤修复基本参数,测试分析得出土壤修复最优工艺技术。     

Analysis of climate variability in the Manas River Valley,North-Western China (1956–2006)

This paper examines the short-run climate variability (change in the levels of temperature and precipitation) with a focus on the Manas River Valley, North-Western China, over the past 50 years (1956 to 2006) using data collected from four meteorological stations. The results show that the annual mean temperature had a positive trend, with temperature increasing at 0.4 °C per decade. Application of the Mann-Kendall test revealed that the overall positive trend became statistically significant at the p?=?0.95 level only after 1988. The increase in temperature was most marked in winter and spring (0.8 and 0.7 °C per decade, respectively), absent in summer and very small in autumn (0.1 °C per decade). Concerning precipitation, our results indicate a negative but not significant trend for the period between 1956 and 1982, while annual total precipitation tended to increase thereafter and the increase was mainly during the crop growing-season. Concerning variability in temperature and precipitation, the characteristic time scales were identified by application of wavelet analysis. For temperature the quasi-decadal variations were found on time scales between approximately 5 and 15 years, with a peak in wavelet variance on a time scale of 9 years. For precipitation, the most striking features were a precipitation increase (6.7 mm per decade) during the crop growing season. Irregularities and abrupt changes in both temperature and precipitation were more common at scales less than 10 years, indicating the complexity and uncertainty in the short-period climate variability. Possible causes of climate variability in the Manas River Valley may include anthropogenic factors such as intensive human activity and the expansion of both farmland and irrigation. Global climate variability might also have some impacts on the local climate variability; analyses of local and regional climate trends can better inform local adaptation actions for global impacts.     

高性能聚乙烯纤维手套防护性能研究

采用实验室测试和现场调查相结合的方法,测试了高性能聚乙烯纤维手套的防护性能,调查手套的适应性、防护时间和费用支出,探讨了其应用前景。     

房地产开发建设项目环境影响评价重点的探讨

分析了房地产建设项目环境影响评价的特点,房地产环境影响评价应在环境现状调查和工程分析的基础上,充分考虑项目建设选址的合理性,施工期应重点关注其对外环境的影响,营运期应注重外环境及建筑群落布局对居住者的影响,分析建设项目人居环境的适宜性,促进居住环境的和谐和可持续发展.其中,施工期环境污染问题主要考虑施工弃土、扬尘、废水、噪声等四个方面的问题,而运营期重点关注城市交通噪声、周边工业污染源、高压电力线、变电站和通讯基站等对居住者的影响.     

铁盐絮凝法从阳宗海湖水中除砷研究与现场扩大试验

阳宗海是我国云南省第三大高原湖泊,2008年6月发现被砷污染,水质从Ⅱ类下降到劣Ⅴ类.由于阳宗海面积有31km2,蓄水量6.04亿m3,不可能实施传统除砷絮凝法中的预氧化及调p H值等操作,试验研究了直接对阳宗海砷污染湖水雾化喷洒Fe Cl3溶液除砷的工艺条件.结果表明,对于p H 8.6的50 L湖水,Fe Cl3用量为1.62~3.20 mg·L-1即可达到95.1%~96.7%的除砷率.在除砷反应中,湖水的p H值稳定不变,湖中鱼类的生存不受影响,且反应生成的沉淀物在954 d后于湖水中仍稳定存在,检测不出砷.在现场1万m3和25万m3湖水中的扩大试验也取得了良好的除砷效果,为大型湖泊水体减污治理提供了典型实施范例.     

基于生物湿法冶金的废旧印刷线路板金属资源化研究进展

随着科技的快速发展,电子产品数量的急剧增加及其使用周期的不断缩短,全球面临着前所未有的电子废物产生浪潮。一种数量巨大的典型电子废弃物-废旧印刷线路板如何实现绿色、低能耗的处理已成为当前电子废弃物处理中关键问题之一。利用微生物湿法冶金技术将废旧印刷线路板中金属浸出,制备高纯金属,已成为21世纪电子废物处理的前沿技术,同时电子废物的微生物湿法冶金机制探讨已成为近年来的研究热点。本文重点分析微生物湿法冶金处理废旧印刷线路板浸提过程中的微生物种类、影响浸提因素、微生物的浸出机制以及今后需要继续研究的问题。