Pollution characteristics of particulate matters emitted from outdoor barbecue cooking in urban Jinan in eastern China

To understand the pollution characteristics of particulate matter emitted from outdoor barbecue cooking in eastern China, measurements of the PM_2.5 mass concentration, the number concentration of particles with a diameter of 0.01 to 1.0 μm, and the particle size distribution from 0.3 to 25 μm were carried out at seven barbecue restaurants in urban Jinan. The average PM_2.5 mass concentration and sub-micron particle number concentrations at a distance of 1 m from the grills were 250 to 1083 μg/m³ and 0.90 × 10⁵ to 2.23 × 10⁵ cm^–3, respectively, which were much higher than those in the ambient air of the urban area. Compared to the ambient atmosphere, barbecue cooking emitted very high levels of particles with a larger increase in the concentrations of super-micron particles than that of sub-micron particles. The super-micron particle number concentrations at the barbecue restaurants were 10 to 100 times higher than those observed in the ambient urban atmosphere. The barbecue smoke had a significant effect on the particle concentrations in the surrounding region. Both mass and number concentrations of particles exhibited maximum values immediately near the barbecue grills and often reached a peak at a distance of 10 to 15 m. The removal efficiency of a range hood for the cooking particles was tested in an indoor kitchen. The range hood effectively cleaned the particulate matter pollution caused by cooking with a removal efficiency larger than 80%. Therefore, the use of a range hood is recommended for outdoor barbecue restaurants coupled with a smoke purifier to clean the emitted high concentrations of particles.

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长江源区浮游生物调查初报

本文简要报告了长江源区包括长江正源沱沱河等三条河流浮游生物的初步调查结果。     

我国10城市冬季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染及呼吸暴露风险评价

大气中颗粒物和多环芳烃对环境与人体健康危害较大,已引起社会各界的广泛关注。以我国10个城市2013年12月和2014年1月大气中空气动力学直径小于10μm的颗粒物(PM10)为研究对象,采用硅胶-氧化铝层析柱净化分离、气质联用仪分析的方法测定了27种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度水平,分析其谱分布及空间分布,并通过呼吸暴露途径估算了癌症病发增量(ILCRs)和人群归因危险度百分比(PAF)。结果表明,27种物质的总浓度为13.72~2 002 ng·m-3;在10个城市中晋中总浓度最高,厦门最低。PAHs空间污染水平呈现北方高于南方、东部沿海城市浓度相对较低的趋势。温度与总浓度有相关性。在27种PAHs中,占主导地位的单体为荧蒽(FLA,7.56%~19.8%),芘(PYR,6.72%~13.8%),艹屈(CHR,12.8%~19.6%)和苯并(k)荧蒽(Bk F,8.59%~15.5%),4者占到多环芳烃总浓度的42.1%~64.3%。根据研究区域苯并[a]芘(Ba P)人口加权浓度估算ILCRs范围为8.94×10-6~4.77×10-4,据此计算的PAFs为0.487%~13.2%,均值为3.44%,高于全国平均水平1.6%。上述研究结果为大气颗粒物中PAHs的研究提供重要的数据基础。     

Accumulation of heavy metals in four grasses grown on lead and zinc mine tailings

A field experiment was conducted to compare the growth and metal accumulation of Vetiveria zizanioides, Paspalum notatum, Cynodon dactylon and Imperata cylindraca var. major on the tailings, amended with 10 cm domestic refuse complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment A), 10 cm domestic refuse(Treatment B) and complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment C) respectively, and without any amendment used as control (Treatment D). The results indicated that V. zizanioides was a typical heavy metal excluder, because the concentrations in shoots of the plants were the lowest among the four plants tested. The most of metal accumulated in V. zizanioides distributed in its root, and transportation of metal in this plant from root to shoot was restricted. Therefore, V. zizanioides was more suitable for phytostabilization of toxic mined lands than P. notatum and C. dactylon, which accumulated a relatively high level of metals in their shoots and roots. It was also found that I. cylindraca var. major accumulated lower amounts of Pb, Zn and Cu than C. dactylon and P. notatum, and could also be considered for phytostaliUsaton of tailings. Although the metal(Pb, Zn and Cu) concentrations in shoots and roots of V. zizanioides were the lowest, the total amounts of heavy metals accumulated in shoots of V. zizanioides were the highest among the four tested plants due to the highest dry weight yield of it. The results indicated that V. zizanioides was the best choice among the four species used for phytoremediation (for both phytostabilization and phytoextraction) of metal contaminated soils.     

北京、上海两地2004和2005年大气污染特征对比分析

为了解北京、上海两市大气污染的变化及其影响因素之间的关系,根据2004、2005年大气质量监测数据,分析了北京、上海两地大气污染特征和两地主要大气污染物的变化规律。结果表明,2004、2005年北京市的PM10最大值是最小值的637倍,北京市的变化幅度较上海市的变化幅度大;2004、2005年北京市的SO2最大值是最小值的467倍,上海市的SO2最大值是最小值的131倍,上海市的SO2污染的因素变化幅度较小;两市的NO2浓度都较高,且季节变化不太明显;两市NO2浓度年平均值满足国家空气质量二级标准,但质量浓度都较高,这与两市的机动车尾气污染有关;两市SO2浓度年平均值除上海市2005年外均满足国家空气质量二级标准,上海市SO2污染严重与上海市消耗大量煤炭有关,北京市SO2污染物浓度年度变化剧烈与冬季取暖烧煤有关;两市可吸入颗粒物污染比较严重,北京市PM10浓度年平均值超过国家空气质量二级标准,上海市PM10浓度年平均值达到国家空气质量二级标准。总体上上海市的大气质量要好于北京市。两地大气主要污染物随时间的变化规律与两地的污染物来源、地理、气候等条件有关。     

土壤中六六六在消化道中生物可给性的体外测定

采用体外消化实验模拟了4种有机质含量不同的土壤中六六六在胃和小肠中的释放,重点验证了消化释放出来的六六六在固态消化残渣上的吸着现象以及该现象对测定消化率的影响的研究假设.结果表明,固相吸着对测定消化率有非常显著的影响,这在有机质含量偏高的土壤中尤其明显.吸着影响可以用不同液固比实验设计配合非线性拟合方法加以校正.对有机碳含量分别为0.63%、1.08%、1.60%和2.87%的4种土壤,未经校正的总六六六消化率的均值与标准差分别为(16.7±2.8)%、(11.6±2.0)%、6.9%和(26.4±1.3)%,校正后则分别达到16.7%、16.5%、16.5%和59.7%.显然,除有机质含量很低的样品,未经校正的测定结果显著低估了消化道吸收风险.     

Evaluation of soil fertility using infrared spectroscopy: a review

Soil fertility is conventionally evaluated by soil properties such as C, N, and P contents. Evaluation of soil fertility is now becoming a routine work for soil management and crop production. However, laboratory-analysis based determination of soil properties is time and cost consuming, which is not suitable for precision agriculture. Here, infrared spectroscopy (IR) appears as an alternative and fast technique to measure soil fertility. The IR transmission method is generally used in soil qualitative analysis, while the IR reflectance can be used in soil quantitative analysis, and most of soil-related research is focused on reflectance spectroscopy. Infrared reflectance spectra, including diffuse reflectance spectra and total attenuated reflectance spectra, are involved in soil quantitative analysis. We observe an excellent performance of predicting soil C and N contents using IR spectra. Moreover, in most of cases the predictions of the contents of soil P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and some other microelements are satisfactory. Soil water, soil clays, and soil microbes can also be characterized and evaluated using IR spectroscopy. In recent years, a new method named infrared photoacoustic spectra was applied in soil analysis. Infrared-photoacoustic spectra is indeed more convenient for sample pretreatment and spectra recording, and the recorded soil spectra contain more useful information versus conventional reflectance spectroscopy. Though currently the application of infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy in soil analysis is limited, it appears promising to measure soil fertility. The application of infrared spectroscopy in soil fertility is largely dependent on spectra pretreatment and multivariate calibration due to strong interferences in the spectra. Partial least square (PLS) and artificial neural network (ANN) are two widely used mathematical tools in the prediction of soil properties, and more mathematical tools combined models will benefit the prediction performance. To make full use of soil infrared spectra, soil spectra library construction is needed in future, and a standard procedure should be first decided in the construction. Based on soil infrared spectra library soil fertility can be fast evaluated combining suitable mathematical model, which will play an important role in the sustainable agriculture.     

重金属污染降低水稻土微生物商并改变PLFA群落结构——苏南某地污染稻田的案例研究

重金属污染可能影响土壤中微生物生物量与活性及群落结构.但这种影响随土地利用和土壤类型、污染物类型而异.采集了江苏南部某市金属冶炼产业区周边重金属污染的稻田和未明显污染稻田的表土样品,分析了重金属复合污染下土壤微生物生物量以及PLFA群落结构的变化.结果表明,重金属污染下稻田土壤的微生物生物量碳、氮及微生物商比未明显污染的土壤显著降低(约20%);PLFA分析显示,重金属污染下土壤微生物群落结构发生了明显的变化,细菌和真菌PLFA的变化幅度达到30%以上,革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌的脂肪酸比值升高,而真菌/细菌的比例降低了约70%.这种改变可能进一步影响到土壤中C、N等养分的生物地球化学循环,这有待深入的研究.     

利用PFU原生动物群落监测铅锌尾矿人工湿地废水净化效能

利用ＰＦＵ原生物动群落监测铅锌尾矿人工湿地废水净化效能,并与水质的理化分析结果作比较,结果表明,ＰＦＵ法和理化分析都证明宽叶香蒲人工湿对铅锌矿废水具有明显的净化能力原生物群落的种类数、密度、生物多样性指数、集群速度均能反映水质状况,其中生物多样性指数更能有效地评价水体质量。     

气封壁高浓度有机污染物超临界水氧化处理系统

利用干燥空气替换亚临界水作为蒸发壁流体,对传统蒸发壁超临界水氧化反应器进行了改进,即将干燥空气用作污染物超临界水氧化反应氧化剂的同时,又作为该超临界水氧化反应体系的密封介质,避免其与反应器内壁的直接接触,以改善超临界水氧化反应器的耐腐蚀性能。通过对采用城市活性污泥和异丙醇配制的高浓度难降解污染物悬浮液进行超临界水氧化处理后,发现反应器内衬陶瓷管在实验前后无论是外观形貌,还是结构组成均未发生明显变化;处理后液体COD降至80 mg/L以下,去除率达到99.6%以上,固体残渣量约为污染物总量的1%,且体系运行过程中压力和温度控制准确,可操作性强。进一步验证了将干燥空气作为超临界水氧化体系的密封介质具有可行性,同时表明,该气封壁超临界水氧化反应系统可用于高浓度难降解有机污染物的环境处理。