高炉瓦斯泥参与水煤浆燃烧固硫作用机理的研究

由于高炉瓦斯泥中多种组分均具有燃煤固硫的特性,因此,本研究通过将高炉尘泥混入到水煤浆中进行燃烧,在前期研究的基础上,结合XRD分析,研究了不同燃烧条件下高炉瓦斯泥对水煤浆固硫率的影响规律,以及尘泥中多元固硫体系在燃烧固硫中相互协调作用、热力学行为.结果表明,瓦斯泥添加量为30%,燃烧终温为800℃时,固硫率达到48.31%.主要原因是瓦斯泥多组分促进了耐高温脱硫产物3Ca O3·3Al2O3·Ca SO4的生成,降低了Ca SO4的分解,从而提高了水煤浆的固硫率.研究结果可为具有多元固硫体系的高炉尘泥及其它固废高附加值利用提供一定的技术参数和理论依据,也可为开拓研究新型、高效燃煤固硫剂提供理论基础,具有一定的经济价值和环境意义.     

缸内直喷汽油机多环芳烃排放特性的试验研究

在一台缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机上,分别用玻璃纤维滤膜和“聚氨基甲酸乙酯泡沫(PUF)+XAD-2”对尾气中的颗粒相和气相多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了采集,并用色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对PAHs进行了定性定量分析,研究了点火时刻和废气再循环(EGR)对PAHs排放的影响.结果表明:在缸内直喷汽油机尾气中,气相PAHs浓度远高于颗粒相PAHs浓度,在气相PAHs中主要是2环和3环等小环PAHs,而在颗粒相PAHs中则主要是4环及以上的大环PAHs.随着点火时刻的提前,尾气中PAHs总浓度呈现先减小后增加再减小的变化趋势,气相和颗粒相PAHs浓度也呈现相似的变化趋势.随着EGR率的增大,气相PAHs所占比例先减小后增大,颗粒相PAHs所占比例则先增大后减小,总PAHs的排放在整体上呈现逐渐减小的变化趋势.加入EGR后,GDI汽油机尾气的毒性显著增大.     

Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of quinoline-contaminated soils

ABSTRACT

The aim of this investigation was to examine the ability of enhanced electrokinetic (EK) remediation to efficiently remove quinoline from contaminated kaolinite soils. In order to accomplish this, the effect of a voltage gradient and anode buffer concentration on migration of quinoline in kaolinite was determined. The results showed that EK transport process effectively stimulated desorption and movement of quinoline in kaolinite. The rate and distance of migration rose with increasing voltage gradient and anode buffer concentration under certain conditions. The mechanisms that drive quinoline migration by electrodynamic processes were established as attributed to either electromigration or electroosmosis, and both played key roles in driving quinoline to migrate towards the cathode.     

高岭土模拟铜污染土壤电动力学修复

采用电动力学方法修复重金属污染土壤。研究中采用高岭土模拟铜污染土壤,结合电动力学修复理论,考察了不同电压、添加络合剂条件下铜的修复效果。结果表明,当电压强度为0．5V／cm时,最靠近阴极部分的土壤中Cu^2＋的C／C。为1．596,当电压强度为1V／cm时,C／C0为2．245,说明适当提高电压强度能够有效的增加Cu^2＋的迁移效果;土壤中未加入络合剂时,Cu^2＋大部分集中在第5段土壤中,C／C0为1．339,在土壤中加入络合剂以后Cu^2＋大部分集中在靠近阴极部分的土壤中,C／C。为1．716,说明在污染土壤中加入一定量的络合剂可以与Cu^2＋结合生成螯合物,提高Cu^2＋的迁移效果。     

动水压力和PSI对深水高墩桥梁抗震性能的影响∗

以我国西部地区某库区一深水高墩大跨连续刚构桥梁为工程背景,考虑动水压力、桩-土相互作用以及二者联合作用的影响,确定了六类不同的分析工况,利用OpenSEES源代码分析平台分别建立有限元模型,通过输入两组空间地震波进行非线性时程分析,讨论了动水压力和桩-土相互作用对深水高墩大跨桥梁动力特性和抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明,考虑动水压力和桩-土相互作用会降低高墩大跨桥梁的振动频率,且二者的影响主要体现在下部结构振型参与率较高的高阶模态;动水压力效应会增加高墩在地震作用下的动力响应,但桩-土相互作用对非线性分析结果的影响没有明显的规律;同时考虑动水压力和桩-土相互作用时,深水高墩桥梁的地震响应并不是简单的相互促进或相互抵消,而与地震动的大小、频谱特性等相关;强地震作用下桥梁结构的桩顶水平位移较大时,抗震设计中更适合采用"p—y曲线"法模拟桩-土相互作用效应。     

聚乳酸静电纺丝改善口罩性能的试验研究

研发了以网状电极作为静电纺接收装置制备出结构不均匀的纳米膜,该膜具有高效低阻的特点。采用此法研制出的PLA纳米膜疏水性能优越且对人体无危害。将纺制的两种不同克重的该纳米膜分别覆在KN90、KN95口罩上,口罩过滤效率分别从93.61%、96.74%增至98.83%、99.07%;而阻力增加较小且仍满足《呼吸防护用品自吸过滤式防颗粒物呼吸器》(GB 2626—2006)以及呼吸舒适性的要求,口罩材料品质因数得以提高。     

Effects of sludge age on anaerobic acidification of waste activated sludge: Volatile fatty acids production and phosphorus release

Effects of sludge age on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production and Phosphorus (P) release during anaerobic acidification of waste activated sludge (WAS) were investigated. Sequencing batch reactors (SBR) fed with simulating domestic sewage were applied to produce WAS of different sludge ages, and batch tests were used for anaerobic acidification. The maximum dissolved total organic carbon, release of  ${\text{PO}}_4^{3+}?\mathrm{P}$, and accumulation of acetate (C2), propionate (C3), butyrate (C4), and valerate (C5) decreased by 56.2%, 55.8%, 52.6%, 43.7%, 82.4% and 84.8%, respectively, as the sludge age of WAS increased from 5 to 40 days. Limited degradation of protein played a dominating role in decreasing DTOC and VFAs production. Moreover, the increase in molecular weight of organics and organic nitrogen content in the supernatant after acidification suggested that the refractory protein in WAS increased as sludge age extended. Although the production of C2, C3, C4, and C5 from WAS decreased as the sludge age increased, the proportions of C2 and C3 in VFAs increased, which might be due to the declined production of C5 from protein and the faded genus Dechlorobacter. Keeping sludge age of WAS at a relatively low level (<10 days) is more appropriate for anaerobic acidification of WAS as internal carbon sources and P resource.     

煤焦油沥青污染特性分析研究

以山西某煤焦油深加工企业产生的煤焦油沥青为研究对象,采用气相-质谱联用仪分析美国环保局列出的优先控制的16种多环芳烃,讨论了多环芳烃的组分、环数分布及等效致癌毒性等。采用BCR连续提取方法,分析了重金属的形态分布特征。结果表明,煤沥青中16种多环芳烃主要以低环(2～3环)和中环(4环)为主,高致突变性物质、致癌性物质总含量均超过国家标准规定的限值;煤沥青的总BaP等效毒性浓度为2 746.46 mg/kg,高于煤焦油之外的其他煤化工残渣,具有潜在致癌性;煤焦油沥青中重金属含量大小排序为PbCrZnNiCuCdSe;Pb、Cd的残渣态略占优势,Cu和Cr的氧化态含量略高,Ni的还原态含量最高,Zn的氧化态最高。     

纳米级Fe3O4-Pd/Fe复合材料催化脱氯2,4-D研究

采用共沉淀法制备纳米级Fe_3O_4,将其包覆在纳米Pd/Fe颗粒表面制成纳米级Fe_3O_4-Pd/Fe复合材料,并用于2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)的催化脱氯.同时,采用透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)等方法对复合材料的结构进行分析,并考察了初始pH、钯化率、反应温度、纳米Fe_3O_4投加量等实验参数对n Fe_3O_4-Pd/Fe复合材料催化脱氯2,4-D的影响.结果发现,纳米Fe_3O_4粒径小于Pd/Fe纳米颗粒,具有一定的磁性,包覆于纳米Pd/Fe表面,提高了纳米材料的稳定性及分散性,并有利于复合材料的回收和循环利用.此外,纳米Fe_3O_4具有一定的导电性,可作为良好的电子通道为纳米Pd/Fe颗粒传递电子,促进反应的进行,增强2,4-D的去除效果.实验结果表明,较高的钯化率、反应温度、Fe_3O_4∶Fe质量比及中性pH条件均有利于反应的进行.当纳米Fe投加量为1.0 g·L-1,m(Fe_3O_4)∶m(Fe)为1∶1,初始pH为7.0,钯化率为0.15%,反应温度为25.0℃时,反应90 min后,40.0 mg·L-1的2,4-D的去除率达到100%,苯氧乙酸(PA)的生成率达99.8%.     

Petroleum hydrocarbons and their effects on fishery species in the Bohai Sea, North China

Systematic studies on the changes in concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) and their e ects on fishery species in the Bohai Sea during 1974–2004 are presented. Changes in PHs concentrations were closely related to Yellow River runo . Concentrations of PHs accumulated in fish and shrimp increased by about 0.712 mg/kg dry weight when trophic level of fish and shrimps increased by 1. Attention should also be paid to the high PHs concentrations in mollusks along the coastal waters of the Bohai Sea. Average concentration of PHs in the adjacent coastal waters of Tianjin City during 1996–2005 decreased the population growth rates of fish, crustaceans and mollusks in the Bohai Sea by 2.58%, 6.59% and 2.33%, respectively. Therefore, PHs have significantly contributed to the decline in fisheries in the Bohai Sea, and they must be reduced to realize the sustainable fisheries.