Biodegradability of organic substances by ATP test

The aerobic biodegradability of organic substances in water is characterized by determination of energy change ‐ ATP content in microbial cells during biodegradation. A satisfactory result is obtained under the following conditions: the initial concentration of tested substance is 100mg/l (as DOC), the amount of the inoculum in the biological medium is 500mg/l (as MLSS), and the duration of test time is 14 days. The evaluating system (peak time, peak height and IA index) is proposed to assess the biodegradability of 46 organic compounds and 7 wastewaters.     

衡阳市企业执行新企业会计准则情况的调查与分析

目前,新会计准则在我国上市公司中实施已有六年多时间,然而在我们衡阳市企业中的运用情况如何,企业的反映如何,在实施过程中有哪些问题和难题,这些都是普遍关注的问题.因此,为进一步了解新会计准则的实施情况,发现并解决实施过程中存在的问题和难题,课题组对衡阳市相关企业的新会计准则实施情况进行了调查和分析.参8.     

Gridded usage inventories of chlordane in China

Chlordane (1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7, 7a-tetra-hydro-4,7-methanoindane) is one of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) which has been listed as one of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to be reduced and finally eliminated in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, because of its great persistence, toxicity, bio-accumulation and long-range transport potential. It is critical to create a national chlordane usage inventories for China to compile chlordane emission inventories, which is helpful for carrying out risk assessments and other researches related to chlordane in China. The annual data of chlordane usage was calculated and modified in accordance with the reported annual production of chlordane which was caculated on the basis of the termite distribution, the data of chlordane usage rate and the annual new construction area (NCA).With the help of Geographic Information System, the usage data of this NCA were allocated to a grid system then, with a 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution and a size for each grid cell of approximately 25 km by 25 km. Between 1988 and 2008, the total usage of chlordane in China was 2745 t, accounting for approximately 80% of the production in the same period. Zhejiang Province was the largest consumer of chlordane in China, whose usage adds up to 980 t, greatly exceeding other provinces/regions, followed by Jiangsu Province (534 t) and Sichuan Province (428 t). The region with the least usage of chlordane was Beijing. Provinces of Guizhou, Henan and Hebei did not use any chlordane, even though termites had occurred in these provinces. Gridded usage inventories showed that the intensive use of chlordane was concentrated in the southeast part of China, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta in particular. The satisfaction of the inventories was supported by the consistence between the estimated data of annual usage and the reported annual production of chlordane, and by the consistence between distribution pattern of chlordane’s usage and ambient air concentration.     

One-pot preparation of graphene oxide magnetic nanocomposites for the removal of tetrabromobisphenol A

A simple solvothermal method was used to prepare monodisperse magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles attached onto graphene oxide (GO) sheets as adsorbents to remove tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) from an aqueous solution. These Fe₃O₄/GO (MGO) nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The adsorption capacity at different initial pH, contact duration, and temperature were evaluated. The kinetics of adsorption was found to fit the pseudo-second-order model perfectly. The adsorption isotherm well fitted the Langmuir model, and the theoretical maximum of adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model was 27.26 mg?g^-1. The adsorption thermodynamics of TBBPA on the MGO nanocomposites was determined at 303 K, 313 K, and 323 K, respectively. The results indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The MGO nanocomposites were conveniently separated from the media by an external magnetic field within several seconds, and then regenerated in 0.2 M NaOH solution. Thus, the MGO nanocomposites are a promising candidate for TBBPA removal from wastewater.     

Degradation of bisphenol A by microorganisms immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol microspheres

In this study, microorganisms （named B111） were immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol microspheres prepared by the inverse suspension crosslinked method. The biodegradation of bisphenol A （BPA） and 4-hydro- xybenzaldehyde, a degradation product of BPA, by free and immobilized B lll was investigated. The BPA degradation studies were carried out at initial BPA concentrations ranging from 25 to 150 mg·L^-1. The affinity constant Ks and maximum degradation rate Rmax were 98.3 mg·L^-1 and 19.7mg·mg^-1VSS·d^-1 for free B111, as well as 87.2mg·L^-1 and 21.1mg·mg^-1VSS·d^-1 for immobilized B 111, respectively. 16S rDNA gene sequence analyses confirmed that the dominant genera were Pseudomonas and Brevundimonas for BPA biodegradation in microorganisms B 111.     

浙江省泥石流与降雨历时关系研究及应用检验

灾害发生与降雨关系的研究是泥石流预警预报研究的核心内容,传统的研究在影响泥石流发生的前期有效降雨历时的选择上存在较大的随意性和主观性。以浙江省已发生的193条泥石流为样本数据,基于降雨历时始算时间的三种定义,对泥石流发生与降雨历时之间的关系进行了统计分析,认为浙江省泥石流总体上与2 d短历时强降雨关系密切。其中,台风期泥石流主要由2 d降雨引发,影响泥石流发生的降雨历时一般不超过10 d;梅雨期泥石流主要由3 d降雨引发,影响泥石流发生的降雨历时一般不超过15 d。基于上述结论,进行了台风期泥石流临界雨量的计算,并选择"云娜"台风期间发生的18处沟谷泥石流作为检验样本进行检验,证明效果较为理想。     

巨灾定义与划分标准研究——基于近年来全球典型灾害案例的分析

近年来,全球受严重灾害影响的国家和地区频繁出现,导致大量人员伤亡和严重经济损失。巨灾作为区域经济社会可持续发展的主要障碍之一,各国政府以及科技、产业与社会各界人士予以高度重视。目前,国内外对巨灾的研究绝大多数集中于巨灾保险,虽有部分研究涉及到巨灾定义及划分标准,但因研究目的与学术背景不同,至今尚无相对公认的、统一的巨灾定义。对巨灾概念的由来和国内外目前的研究动态进行了较全面的综述,论述了突发性与渐发性巨灾的差异,结合近年来全球典型灾害案例,总结给出巨灾定义、划分指标与标准,并在此基础上对巨灾未来研究进行展望,提出了研究的关键问题并建议进行更深入的研究。旨在为完善区域灾害系统原理,进一步推动巨灾研究提供参考。     

变电站智能化典型操作票生成系统的研究

针对目前变电站典型操作票自动形成系统通用性和易用性不强的缺点,通过采用可视化推理逻辑图形建模技术、变电站方式模式识别技术与专家系统,开发了一种新的变电站典型操作票生成系统。该系统在可视化推理逻辑图形绘制时将二次设备与一次设备相关联,方便修改,能对操作任务进行自动识别和分解,利用典型操作知识和专家系统自动生成典型操作票。实际运行结果表明:该系统具有良好的通用性、易用性和可靠性。     

Visual MODFLOW在露天矿地下水模拟中的应用

用Visual MODFLOW建立了某露天矿地下水数值模型,运用其跟踪模拟(MODPATH)子模块及溶质运移模拟(MT3D)子模块对该露天矿地下水的水质点示踪和三维污染羽进行了模拟,模拟结果有助于识别该矿露天开采对地下水污染的污染源及污染途径,为预测露天矿开采期间地下水位及水质的变化,采用的监测与预保护措施提供了决策依据。     

基于宏基因组技术获得的对厌氧氨氧化菌代谢的新理解

厌氧氨氧化菌(Anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria,AAOB)是化能自养菌,由于其生理代谢的奇异性、细胞结构的特殊性以及对氮素循环的重要性,已成为环境工程、微生物以及海洋生物学等领域的研究热点.然而,AAOB未能实现纯培养的现状已成为AAOB代谢途径研究的巨大障碍.近年来兴起的宏基因组技术(Metagenomics)为AAOB代谢途径的研究提供了新手段.采用宏基因组技术,可直接研究微生物群体中某特定微生物基因组的结构与功能,摆脱了传统微生物学研究对纯培养的依赖,使未培养微生物的认识和开发成为可能.本文首先简述获取AAOB宏基因组信息的过程,然后通过比较由传统代谢研究方法和宏基因组技术获得的AAOB代谢途径的研究成果,论述基于宏基因组技术获得的对AAOB代谢的新理解,得出以下结果和结论:1)AAOB的碳素固定途径为乙酰辅酶A途径,碳素固定的还原力来自NADH或者QH2;2)AAOB氮素转化的重要中间产物是NO,而非NH2OH,并提出了以NO为核心的AAOB代谢的改进模型;3)AAOB的ATP合成途径为氧化磷酸化,推测的电子传递途径为N2H4—QH2—细胞色素bc1复合体;细胞色素bc1复合体再将电子用于NO2-还原和N2H4合成.AAOB的宏基因组技术使AAOB代谢途径的研究更具方向性.随着分子生物学理论和技术的不断发展,宏基因组学的升级技术(如宏转录组学、宏蛋白质组学)将为AAOB代谢途径的研究提供新的方法与平台.图3表1参51