崇明东滩湿地土壤养分的分布特征及其环境效应

通过研究崇明东滩不同类型天然湿地土壤在不同潮间的有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)的含量与分布,进而分析不同类型滨海湿地土壤作为营养盐氮、磷汇与碳沉积的环境效应。结果表明,芦苇型沙质湿地土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷的平均值分别为1.36%、0.1%、0.03%,而芦苇/米草混合型黏质土壤中分别为2.41%、0.27%、0.07%。随着高程的增加(从光滩向高潮滩过渡),芦苇(Phragmitescommunis)型沙质湿地土壤与芦苇/米草(Phragmites communis/Spartina alterniflora)混合型黏质土壤中有机质、全氮含量平稳上升,但全磷变化并不显著。这表明芦苇/互花米草混合型黏质湿地土壤对造成沿海水域富营养化的氮、磷营养盐以及引起全球气候变化的碳排放具有更好的汇聚效应,同时高潮滩的汇聚功能总体较光滩为高。     

生物表面活性剂皂角苷对菲在水和土壤间分配行为影响

文章比较研究了皂角苷(saponin)、Triton X-100以及二者的混合物对多环芳烃菲在土壤和水相间分配行为的影响。结果表明,在所选择的表面活性剂中,皂角苷对菲在水和土壤间的分配具有最强的增溶能力。在竞争吸附的作用下,随着加入的表面活性剂的量不同,菲在水和土壤间的分配行为也有差异。当表面活性剂的浓度较低时,促进菲在土壤上的吸附;当加入的表面活性剂的量超过其临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,菲在水和土壤间的分配系数随着表面活性剂浓度的增大出现持续减小的趋势。并且在相同浓度下,皂角苷和TritonX-100组成的混合表面活性剂的增溶能力比单独使用非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100强。同样在混合表面活性剂的协同增溶作用下,菲在水和土壤间的分配系数随着表面活性剂浓度的增加出现持续减小的趋势。     

基于PMA-定量PCR选择性检测技术的病原菌消毒特性研究

建立了一种核酸染料propidium monoazide(PMA)与定量PCR技术联合选择性检测活性病原菌的技术(PMA-qPCR),以大肠杆菌作为模式菌,研究了氯和一氯胺消毒对病原菌的灭活特性.结果表明,PMA染料能够分别去除99.94%和99.99%的来自非活性大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的DNA,PMA-qPCR技术能够有效区分活性菌与非活性菌;PMA-qPCR技术得到的氯和一氯胺消毒对大肠杆菌的灭活曲线符合一级动力学方程,灭活速率常数分别为 2.24 L·(mg·min)^-1和0.0175 L·(mg·min)^-1,低于平板培养法得到的灭活速率常数;当大肠杆菌的去除率达到99%时,采用PMA-qPCR技术检测需要的ct值相比于平板培养法从0.6 mg·L^-1·min上升到0.9 mg·L^-1·min(氯消毒)和从20 mg·L^-1·min上升到超过100 mg·L^-1·min(一氯胺消毒);随着ct值的升高,常规qPCR的检测结果基本不变,因此常规qPCR不能够反映氯和一氯胺消毒对病原菌的灭活效果.作为一种新的表征消毒特性的检测技术,PMA-qPCR技术有助于更为准确地评价氯和一氯胺消毒对病原菌的灭活效果.     

北海湾无机氮的分布及其与环境因子的关系

根据１９９８年１０月和１９９９年１月、４月、８月的调查资料，对北海湾无机氮的特征分布及其与环境因子（ｐＨ、ＤＯ、盐度和叶绿素ａ）之间的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明，影响北海湾无机氮含量分布的主要因素是沿岸冲淡水，其次是生物活动；通过Ｎ／Ｐ值分析，表明了Ｎ为该湾秋冬季节初级生产力的限制因子，而Ｐ则为该湾春夏季节初级生产力的限制因子。     

Catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with carbon monoxide on copper-cobalt oxides supported on nano-titanium dioxide

A series of copper-cobalt oxides supported on nano-titanium dioxide were prepared for the reduction of nitric oxide with carbon monoxide and characterized using techniques such as XRD, BET and TPR. Catalyst CuCoOx/TiO2 with Cu/Co molar ratio of 1/2, Cu- Co total loading of 30% at the calcination temperature of 350°C formed CuCo2O4 spinel and had the highest activity. NO conversion reached 98.9% at 200°C. Mechanism of the reduction was also investigated, N2O was mainly yielded below 100°C, while N2 was produced instead at higher temperature. O2 was supposed to accelerate the reaction between NOx and CO for its oxidation of NO to give more easily reduced NO2, but the oxidation of CO by O2 to CO2 decreased the speed of the reaction greatly. Either SO2 or H2O had no adverse impact on the activity of NO reduction; however, in the presence of both SO2 and H2O, the catalyst deactivated quickly.     

Clogging processes caused by biofilm growth and organic particle accumulation in lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands

The accumulation of organic matter in substratum pores is regarded as an important factor causing clogging separately in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands. In this study, the developing process of clogging caused by biofilm growth or organic particle accumulation instead of total organic matter accumulation was investigated in two groups of lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs), which were fed with glucose (dissolved organic matter) and starch (particulate organic matter) influent. Results showed that the growth of biofilms within the substratum pores certainly caused remarkable reduction of e ective porosity, especially for the strong organic wastewater, whereas its influence on infiltration rate was negligible. It was implied that the most important contribution of biofilm growth to clogging was accelerating the occurrence of clogging. In comparison with biofilm growth, particles accumulation within pores could rapidly reduce infiltration rate besides e ective porosity and the clogging occurred in the upper 0–15 cm layer. With approximately equal amount of accumulated organic matter, the e ective porosity of the clogged layer in starch-fed systems was far less than that of glucose-fed systems, which indicated that composition and accumulation mode in addition to the amount of the accumulated organic matter played an important role in causing clogging.     

LEO等离子体环境中HVSA的电弧放电研究

由于高压太阳电池阵在低轨等离子体环境中会发生电弧放电,这会造成航天器表面退化、电磁干扰、PN结破坏等负作用,因此进行了这方面的地面模拟试验研究。首先阐述了低地球轨道等离子体环境及高压太阳电池阵发生触发放电和二次放电的机理,然后介绍等离子体环境模拟设备原理与结构、试验方法及两次高压太阳电池阵的放电试验结果,系统的研究了电池片的放电位置及外界环境和结构条件对放电的影响。     

淮河流域水资源价值测算与分析

淮河地处我国东部,是湖北、河南、安徽、山东及江苏等五省的重要水源。论文根据淮河的实际情况,将其分为5个河段,通过建立和求解淮河流域水资源优化配置模型,得到各河段不同用水部门的水资源影子价格,即水资源的理论价值,为今后规范淮河水资源价值水平提供参考依据。     

FTIR对大气颗粒物PM2.5中硝酸盐的定量分析

大气细颗粒物PM2.5作为复合型大气污染的核心污染物之一备受人们关注,NO3-作为其中水溶性离子的主要成分之一,对大气降水和人体健康有着重要影响,因此实现对其快速可靠的检测是一项重要的研究工作.基于傅里叶变换红外光谱技术的优点,采用液态制膜的方法测量比较了颗粒物中NO3-和NH4NO3中NO3-的红外光谱图,结果保持一致.在此基础上测量了一系列不同质量NO3-的红外光谱,拟合其吸光度与质量,相关性达到0.994 8,线性范围为7.82～73.78μg,实现了对其定标.然后利用样品溶液与采样膜样品质量的对应关系,直接测量采样膜上样品的红外谱图,分析了合肥地区2012-03-20～2012-04-20为期1个月的硝酸根质量浓度,平均质量浓度为4.171 3μg.m-3.     

南京北郊大气细颗粒物的粒径分布特征

根据2006 年7~12 月南京北郊大气细颗粒物的观测资料,研究了粒径0.01~2.5µm 颗粒物的浓度变化和粒径分布特征.结果表明,该地区大气细颗粒物数浓度比较高,达10⁴ 个/cm³,其中超细粒子(粒径0.01~0.1µm)对总粒子数浓度贡献较大,约占87%.夏、秋、冬季的数浓度谱分布均呈单峰型结构,峰值集中在0.02~0.05µm;大气细颗粒物数浓度在正午太阳辐射最强时达到峰值;降雨对细颗粒物的去除作用明显.夏季的超细粒子浓度最高,可能与高温、高湿的气象条件有关,同时,较强的太阳辐射也使得该季节大气细颗粒物的生成率较高.