重庆主城区大气总悬浮颗粒中有机碳和元素碳污染特征分析

在四个季节采样分析的基础上，本文报道了重庆市主城区江北区(商住区)和缙云山(清洁对照点)两个监测点总悬浮颗粒物质量浓度的空间分布和季节变化特征，同时利用热分解示差热导法元素分析仪测定了TSP中的OC和EC浓度，探讨了OC和EC含量并与北京相应功能区的TSP质量浓度及其OC和EC浓度进行了比较。结果表明：重庆市商住区和对照点TSP年均质量浓度均小于北京市商住区和对照点；重庆市商住区OC和EC年均质量浓度高于北京市商住区，北京市对照点OC和EC年均质量浓度高于重庆市对照点。两个城市的四个监测点OC／EC年均值均大于2．0，说明两城市城区二次污染比较严重。     

地理变异系数法和Fisher最优分割法在环境空气监测优化布点中的应用

在环境空气监测点位优化中,为反映优化后点位的整体代表性,需要在允许的测定误差内以最少的测点反映区域内较长时期的整体污染水平、污染分布状况和污染趋势.本文以博山城区为例,利用地理变异系数法和Fisher最优分割法对所布设点位进行数理统计.该方法使用简便,分级自然,避免了诸多人为因素的影响,同时,优选结果具有较强的整体代表性.     

碱性物质中和法在处理煤矿废水中的应用

凡是有地下煤矿开采的地区,都伴之有地下水排放.在面临全球性淡水缺乏的形势下,煤矿排放废水却作为污染源,日夜注入河床,致使环境保护部门为之大伤脑筋,而且各煤矿也为煤矿排放废水的治理,付出了很大的经济代价.因此如何解决煤矿排放废水达标排放的问题,使其能作为矿产资源和水资源得到再利用,解决即将到来的水荒危机就成为了本文讨论的重点.     

Analysis on sensitivit and landscape ecological spatial structure of site resources

This article establishes a set of indicators and standards for landscape ecological sensitivity analysis of site resources by using the theories and approaches of landscape ecology.It uses landscape diversity index(H),evenness(E),natural degree(N),contrast degree(C) to study spatial structure and landscape heterogeneity of site resources and thus provides a qualitative-quantitative evaluation method for land planning and management of small ,medium scale areas.The analysis of Yantian District,Shenzhen of China showed that Wutong Mountain belonged to high lanscape ecological sensitivity area,Sanzhoutian Reservoir and Shangping Reservoir were medium landscape sensitivity area and high ecological sensitivity area;Dameisha and Xiaomeisha belonged to medium sensitivity area caused by the decline of natural ecological areas.Shatoujiao,Yantian Pier belonged to low sensitivity area but urban landscape ecological development had reshaped and influenced their landscape ecological roles in a great extent.Suggestions on planning,protection goals an development intensity of each site or district were raised.     

涡河流域中部地区地下水化学特征及其成因分析

地下水是涡河流域中部地区重要的供水水源,但普遍面临着污染及水质异常等问题.本文在调查采样的基础上,综合运用数理统计、Piper 三线图、Gibbs图和离子比值等方法对不同深度地下水的水化学特征及其形成机制进行分析和探讨.结果表明:①研究区地下水总体为弱碱性水,不同深度地下水中的优势阴、阳离子均为HCO3-和Na+.浅层...     

兰-白城市群主要大气污染物网格化排放清单及来源贡献

甘肃兰-白城市群为我国西北地区重要的重工业基地,大气污染物排放总量较大.研究高空间分辨率的污染物排放清单对于区域空气质量预报预警、减排方案模拟研究及大气污染防治等具有重要的科学意义.本文以兰州和白银为主要研究区域,基于研究区域污染源排放及统计年鉴等数据资料,建立了兰(2015年)-白(2016年)城市群7种(类)主要大...     

Distribution and source of microplastics in China's second largest reservoir - Danjiangkou Reservoir

Fresh water microplastic pollution is of pressing concern globally, but its distribution and sources in reservoirs are poorly documented. Danjiangkou Reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and is divided into the Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir. In this work, microplastic abundances and morphological characteristics of the reservoir were investigated. The microplastic abundance of 15 main tributaries of the reservoir was also measured. The vertical distribution (in water column and sediment), horizontal distribution (in Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir) and source of microplastics were analyzed. Microplastics accumulated in the middle layer of the reservoir, and the size and color of the microplastic particles changed from the surface to the bottom, which implies that surveys of surface water are not enough to determine the microplastic contamination for deep water reservoirs. In the surface water, the microplastic abundance in the Han Reservoir was lower than that in the Dan Reservoir (p < 0.05), but microplastic abundance did not differ significantly in the intermediate and bottom water. Tributaries were one of the main sources of microplastics for Han Reservoir but not for Dan Reservoir. Agricultural cultivation in the hydro-fluctuation belt might be an important source of microplastics in the Dan Reservoir, which should be given additional attention. The results of this study can provide valuable information for developing microplastic sampling strategies in deep water reservoirs. Further studies are recommended to investigate the process through which microplastics in the hydro-fluctuation belt enter the reservoir and the sinking behavior of microplastics in the reservoir.     

安全技术说明书在油田化学助剂危害因素识别中存在问题探讨

以3种化学助剂的化学品安全技术说明书(SDS)信息与气相色谱-质谱联用仪定性分析结果为对比,探讨了油田化学助剂安全技术说明书在完整性、真实性、准确性等方面存在的问题,建议完善SDS审核与监督机制,在识别有害因素时根据SDS、定性定量检测结果、生产工艺及原辅材料分析等内容做出综合判断,使用化学助剂时核实SDS准确性及化学助剂安全性,以采取正确的防控措施。     

典型水库型湖泊中CDOM吸收及荧光光谱变化特征:基于沿岸生态系统分析

为进一步了解水库型湖泊溶解性有机质(DOM)的地球化学特征,本文以三峡库区典型内陆水库型湖泊——长寿湖为研究对象,利用紫外-可见和三维荧光光谱,并结合湖区周边生态系统分析,讨论了长寿湖水体中CDOM的组成、来源和空间分布特征.结果表明,长寿湖不同采样点DOM浓度(DOC和CDOM)存在一定程度的空间分布差异,但各点FDOM分布较为稳定.回水区出现DOM累积,由于受陆源输入影响有限,水体内源活动主导,具有较明显"内源控制"特征,芳香性和分子量相对较低;而周边陆地以人工林兼旅游开发为主的采样点,陆源输入在带入较多腐殖化(高芳香性)组分的同时,人为活动排放也是导致其类蛋白组分丰富的重要原因;入湖区尽管周边果林和居民生活对水体DOM有一定影响,但上游河流输入的影响也不容忽视.另外,各采样点也出现了不受周边生态系统影响的独立的相关性特征,例如芳香性特征常数(SUVA280)和光谱斜率[S(275~295)]显著负相关、CDOM和FDOM极显著正相关、CDOM和S(275~295)负相关等.同时,长寿湖水体中CDOM的生色团主要由具有芳香性结构的大分子组分构成;至少51%的CDOM波动可以通过FDOM变化来进行解释,其中回水区荧光组分对CDOM变动的影响最为明显.在采用传统FI值无法区分DOM来源差异性时,结合采样点沿岸生态系统,综合紫外-可见和荧光光谱特征,有助于对DOM组成及来源进行解析.     

滇池不同湖区沉积物正构烷烃的分布特征及其环境意义

为探明滇池沉积物中有机质的组成特征及其环境意义,2014年7月采集滇池北部和南部各一根柱状沉积物样品,分析了TOC(总有机碳)、TN(总氮)、正构烷烃含量剖面变化规律.结果表明:1滇池沉积物中TOC与TN自20世纪70年代以后增加显著,说明了滇池初级生产力不断提高;2滇池沉积物正构烷烃代用指标n-C27/n-C31比值及Paq和CPI表明,滇池沉积物从下往上草本植物与木本植物交替变化,且沉积物中的高碳数有机质主要来自滇池内源的沉水和漂浮大型植物;3C/N比值及正构烷烃分布特征表明,滇池不同湖区沉积物有机质来源存在差异:滇池北部沉积物中有机质主要来源于內源植物和陆源有机物的人为源;滇池南部沉积物中有机质主要来源于內源大型水生植物和陆源高等植物混源.为此,在今后滇池沉积物有机质的研究中,应加强对滇池不同湖区有机质的深入分析.