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101.
102.
Females across many taxa commonly use multiple or complex traits to choose mates. However, the functional significance of
multiple or complex signals remains controversial and largely unknown. Different elements of multiple or complex signals may
convey independent pieces of information about different aspects of a prospective mate (the “multiple messages” hypothesis).
Alternatively, multiple or complex signals could provide redundant information about the same aspect of a prospective mate
(the “redundant” or “back-up” signal hypothesis). We investigated these alternatives using spadefoot toads, Scaphiopus couchii. Spadefoot toads primarily use calls to attract their mates, but males also exhibit sexually dimorphic coloration. We investigated
whether male coloration is indicative of male size, condition, or infection status by a socially transmitted monogenean flatworm.
We found that male coloration and dorsal patterning predicts male size and condition but not infection status. Moreover, when
we presented females with a choice between a bright male model and a dark male model, we found that females preferred the
bright model. Because aspects of males’ calls are also associated with male size and condition, we conclude that coloration
is a potentially redundant indicator of male phenotype. We suggest that coloration could enhance mate choice in conjunction
with male calling behavior by providing females with a long distance cue that could enable them to identify prospective mates
in a noisy chorus environment where the discrimination of individual calls is often difficult. Generally, such redundant signals
may facilitate mate choice by enhancing the quality and accuracy of information females receive regarding prospective mates. 相似文献
103.
Theresa Selfa Carmen Bain Renata Moreno Amarella Eastmond Sam Sweitz Conner Bailey Gustavo Simas Pereira Tatiana Souza Rodrigo Medeiros 《Environmental management》2015,55(6):1315-1326
Across the Americas, biofuels production systems are diverse due to geographic conditions, historical patterns of land tenure, different land use patterns, government policy frameworks, and relations between the national state and civil society, all of which shape the role that biofuels play in individual nations. Although many national governments throughout the Americas continue to incentivize growth of the biofuels industry, one key challenge for biofuels sustainability has been concern about its social impacts. In this article, we discuss some of the key social issues and tensions related to the recent expansion of biofuels production in Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil. We argue that a process of “simplification” of ecological and cultural diversity has aided the expansion of the biofuels frontier in these countries, but is also undermining their viability. We consider the ability of governments and non-state actors in multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSI) to address social and environmental concerns that affect rural livelihoods as a result of biofuels expansion. We analyze the tensions between global sustainability standards, national level policies for biofuels development, and local level impacts and visions of sustainability. We find that both government and MSI efforts to address sustainability concerns have limited impact, and recommend greater incorporation of local needs and expertise to improve governance. 相似文献
104.
Evgeny Ya. Davydov Irina S. Gaponova Tatiana V. Pokholok Georgy B. Pariiskii 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2011,19(1):312-327
Mechanism of nitrogen dioxide interaction with polymers containing amide and imide groups in the main or side chains of macromolecules
(polycaproamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly-m-phenylene isophthalamide and polypyromellitimide) is considered. The initiators of conversions of polymers of the given classes
are not monoradicals of nitrogen dioxide rather than its equilibrium dimers in the form of nitrosyl nitrate. In primary oxidizing
reaction of an electron transfer from donor groups of macromolecules to nitrosyl nitrate, radical cations, nitric oxide and
nitrate anion are formed, which in the subsequent reactions give products of nitration and nitrosation. These products are
precursors of stable acylalkylaminoxyl, acylarylaminoxyl, iminoxyl macroradicals. The specific interactions of nitrogen dioxide
dimers with functional groups of macromolecules determine features of the mechanism of ion-radical conversions of the polymers
and the composition of radical and molecular products. The direct detection of radical cations has been realized by ESR method
for confirmation of the ion-radical initiation concept using model reaction of nitrogen dioxide with triphenylamine. 相似文献
105.
Tatiana Semizhon Victoria Putyrskaya Gregor Zibold Eckehard Klemt 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
Following the Chernobyl accident, 137Cs contamination levels of wild boar in some districts of Southern Germany are still exceeding thousands of Bq kg−1. While the long term 137Cs concentration in forest plants, mushrooms, and roe deer meat has decreased significantly, for wild boar it has remained constant during the last decade. Between 1998 and 2008, we analysed the muscle meat of 656 wild boars shot in the district (“Landkreis”) Ravensburg. The 137Cs activity concentration showed considerable variability from less than 5 up to 8266 Bq kg−1 and it followed a seasonal pattern, which is attributed to changes in dietary habits, fodder availability, meteorological conditions and specific behaviour of 137Cs in wild boar organism. Tag values for wild boars from the district Ravensburg varied from 0.008 to 0.062 m2 kg−1 during 2000–2008. 相似文献
106.
Mariana V. Coronas Tatiana S. Pereira Jocelita A.V. Rocha Andria T. Lemos Jandyra M.G. Fachel Daisy M.F. Salvadori Vera M.F. Vargas 《Environment international》2009,35(7):1023-1029
Biomonitoring studies have increased as a consequence of risks and effects to human health on exposure to environmental contaminants, mainly air pollutants. Genetic biomarkers are useful tools for the early assessment of exposure to occupational and environmental pollution. The objective of the present study was to investigate genotoxic effects on people residing and/or working downwind from an oil refinery in southern Brazil and the mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter (PM10). Samples of peripheral blood and buccal mucosa cells were evaluated using the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) and the micronucleus (MN) assay, respectively. PM10 samples were collected in the target site and the organic matter extraced with dichloromethane was assessed for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay. The exposed group (n = 37) was compared to a reference group (n = 37) of subjects living in an urban area with limited traffic and industrial influence, located far from the main industrial areas. All PM10 organic extracts showed mutagenic positive responses and the effect decreased in the presence of S9 mix indicating that the predominant compounds present were direct-acting mutagens. The responses of YGs strains are consistent with aromatic amines and nitroarenes being present in the PM10 extracts. The group in the area under the influence of the oil refinery (exposed group) showed significantly higher DNA damage in lymphocytes than the reference group. The MN frequencies in buccal mucosa were very low for both groups and no difference between groups was observed. No association was found between age and tobacco smoking habit and level of DNA damages measured by the comet assay. The results indicate that the comet assay was a sensitive tool to detect DNA damage in subjects under the influence of an oil refinery, with marked genotoxic activity in the atmospheric environment. 相似文献
107.
Jorge Valdés Domingo Román Marcos Guiñez Lidia Rivera Tatiana Morales Juan Ávila Pedro Cortés 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,167(1-4):185-197
Cu, Pb, and Hg concentrations were determined in surface sediment samples collected at three sites in San Jorge Bay, northern Chile. This study aims to evaluate differences in their spatial distribution and temporal variability. The highest metal concentrations were found at the site “Puerto”, where minerals (Cu and Pb) have been loaded for more than 60 years. On the other hand, Hg does not pose a contamination problem in this bay. Cu and Pb concentrations showed significant variations from 1 year to another. These variations seem to be a consequence of the combination of several factors, including changes in the loading and/or storage of minerals in San Jorge Bay, the dredging of bottom sediments (especially at Puerto), and seasonal changes in physical–chemical properties of the water column that modify the exchange of metals at the sediment–water interface. Differences in the contamination factor and geoaccumulation index suggest that pre-industrial concentrations measured in marine sediments of this geographical zone, were better than geological values (average shale, continental crust average) for evaluating the degree of contamination in this coastal system. Based on these last two indexes, San Jorge Bay has a serious problem of Cu and Pb pollution at the three sampling locations. However, only Cu exceeds the national maximum values used to evaluate ecological risk and the health of marine environments. It is suggested that Chilean environmental legislation for marine sediment quality—presently under technical discussion—is not an efficient tool for protecting the marine ecosystem. 相似文献
108.
109.
Per Angelstam Marine Elbakidze Robert Axelsson Niels Elers Koch Tatiana I. Tyupenko Alexandr N. Mariev Lennart Myhrman 《Ambio》2013,42(2):111-115
This special issue of AMBIO presents a new approach to sustainability science that goes beyond interdisciplinary research. Using coupled natural and human systems, or landscapes, as multiple case studies in Europe’s East and West knowledge production and learning toward transdisciplinary research was applied in Sweden, countries in Central and Eastern Europe, and Russia. First, the research group Forest-Landscape-Society summarizes the research program (2005–2012) behind this special issue of AMBIO and its development to participate in transdisciplinary research. Second, stakeholders at multiple levels provide their views on the new approach presented and reported. 相似文献
110.
Wuytack T Wuyts K Van Dongen S Baeten L Kardel F Verheyen K Samson R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2405-2411
We aimed at evaluating the effect of low-level air pollution on leaf area fluctuating asymmetry (FAA) and specific leaf area (SLA) of Salix alba L., taking into account other environmental factors. Cuttings were grown in standardized conditions in the near vicinity of air quality measuring stations in Belgium. Variability of SLA and FAA between measuring stations explained 83% and 7.26%, respectively, of the total variability. FAA was not influenced by air pollution or environmental factors such as shading, herbivory, air temperature and humidity. SLA was increased by an increase in shadow, while NOx and O3 concentrations had only a marginal influence. The influence of SO2 concentration was negligible. Although our data analysis suggests a relationship between SLA and NOx/O3 concentration, the absence of a straightforward relationship between FAA and SLA and air pollution still questions the usefulness of these bio-indicators for monitoring air pollution. 相似文献