酸、碱废水的中和絮凝作用

通过模拟实验研究了酸、碱矿水的中和絮凝作用,并对酸、碱矿水中和絮凝过程中的最佳混合比、重金属污染物的去除,尾矿砂颗粒的作用,以及凝聚颗粒的沉降规律等进行较详细的论述。研究结果表明,利用碱性矿水中和酸矿水及去除金属污染物,对于恢复矿区污染河流的水质具有重要的实际意义     

酸化容量模式及其理论计算方法探讨

综述酸化容量的定义、测定方法、指标标准化方法基础上,提出了适合我国国情的酸化容量理论计算体系。以水化学理论和西南地区小面积水体的平均水质状况为基础,得出甲基橙碱度的校正值为107μeq/L。以我国水文水质的常规监测项目总碱度、pH值、COD以及预测得到的A^13＋为基本数据,得出酸化容量的计算公式。为酸化容量区域划分提供了理论基础     

三峡库区农村移民的环境意识浅析

库区社会公众环境意识的觉醒和环境素质的提高是三峡库区生态环境保护的基础和动力。利用三峡库区农村移民社会经济环境调查数据,对三峡库区农村环境保护设施现状,农村移民的环境素质进行了分析,认为库区农村环境基础设施有了很大进步,但是库区农村环境基础设施仍然不足,饮用水不安全,化肥施用量过度,生物、环保防虫技术很少被采用,移民缺乏环境保护的基本知识,对环境保护的重要性认知不足,仅具备浅层次的局部的“日常环保型”意识,参与环境保护的经济能力和动力不足。因此,需要加强库区农村环境基础设施建设,改善饮用水安全状况,推广高效、生态、安全的农业生产技术,加强库区农村移民的环境教育,促进移民脱贫致富,提高三峡库区农村移民的环境素质,提高其参与生态环境保护的自觉性,改变其对环境不友好的生产生活行为习惯     

Drinking water production by uitrafiltration of Songhuajiang River with PAC adsorption

In recent years, membrane ultrafiltration (UF) of surface water for drinking water treatment has become a more attractive technology worldwide as a possible alternative treatment to conventional clarification. To evaluate the performance of ultrafiltration membranes for treatment of surface water in North China, a 48-m2 low pressure hollow fiber membrane ultrafiltration pilot plant was constructed. Ultrafiltration was operated in cross-flow and with powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption. Turbidity was almost completely removed to less than 0.2 NTU (below Chinese standard 1 NTU). It was found that PAC addition enhanced organic matter removal. The combined process of PAC/UF allowed to 41% removal of CODMn 46% removal of DOC and 57% decrease in UV254 absorbance. The elimination of particles, from average 12000/ml in the raw water to approximately 15/ml in the permeated, was observed. When PAC concentration was below 30 mg/L, backwashing could recovery the membrane flux with backwash interval/backwashing duration of 1/30.     

鲫鱼肝脏中CYP1A1的诱导作为沉积物中二的毒理学指标的研究

在实验室内用鲫鱼分别暴露于含有PCDD/Fs和PCBs严重污染的沉积物和未受污染的沉积物中,测定鱼肝脏中细胞色素P4501A1（CYP1A1）依赖的7－乙氧基－3－异吩唑酮－脱乙基酶（EROD）的活性。结果表明,鲫鱼暴露于受二类化合物污染沉积物中1周后,肝脏中EROD的活性是对照组的83倍,而未被污染的沉积物暴露试验中EROD的活性和对照组没有明显差别。在此沉积物－水实验系统中二类污染物的TCDD等当量浓度（TEQ/L）与肝脏EROD的活性有较好的相关性。较长时间暴露,得到肝脏EROD的活性随时间的变化关系。还获得了试验温度对EROD活性诱导的影响。此实验表明,用实验室鲫鱼暴露于沉积物－水系统中,鱼肝脏EROD活性诱导可作为沉积物毒性评价指标,用于受二类化合物污染的沉积物样品的筛选,并有希望成为此类污染物的半定量检测方法。     

Characterization of different road dusts in opencast coal mining areas of India

Dust from haul and transport roads are the major source of air pollution in opencast coal mining areas. Dust generated during mining operations pollutes air which causes different health problems. Various available techniques are implemented in the field to minimize and control dust in mining areas. However, they are not very effective because dust deposited on road surfaces are not removed by these techniques. For effective control of dust in opencast mining areas, it has to be regularly collected from road surfaces and may be converted into solid form, and subsequently can be used as a domestic fuel considering its physicochemical properties. The present paper describes a comparative study of qualitative and quantitative aspects of road dust samples of four coalfields of India. The pH of the dust was found to be in the range of 5.1–7.7. Moisture, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon, water-holding capacity, bulk density, and specific gravity of dust samples were found to be in the range of 0.5–3.0%, 45–76%, 12.6–20.0%, 10.2–45.3%, 21.17–31.71%, 1.15–1.70, and 1.73–2.30 g cm⁻³, respectively. Observing the overall generation and characteristics of coal dust, it is suggested that coal dust from haul and transport roads of mining areas can be effectively collected and used as domestic fuel.     

Questioning the Cost

The keynote address to the 71st annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association was presented by The Honorable Lloyd Bentsen. Excerpts from his address follow:     

用于臭氧分解的负载型双金属催化剂

研究了催化剂载体外形和活性成分对催化剂性能的影响和其他污染物的反应对室内空气造成的二次污染。通过XPS分析说明了反应过程中催化剂表面发生的化学变化及反应机理。最终论述了臭氧分解的重要性以及该催化剂的高活性和长寿命。     

我国城市污泥的处置与利用

城市污水污泥产量巨大且成分复杂，如何对它进行合理利用已越来越受人们关注，若处置利用不当就不能够充分发挥其消除污染、保护环境的作用，也就明显地削弱了污水处理厂的净化功能。文章系统地综述了我国城市污泥处置与利用的现状和趋势，并重点讨论了污泥土地利用的可行性以及我国近年来的研究进展。认为将污泥进行稳定化、无害化、资源化处理并作为有机肥料或土壤改良剂进行土地利用是符合我国国情的，并将成为我国污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径。     

水生维管束植物在水污染中的应用

随着水污染的加剧，高效低耗的水污染处理技术逐渐受到人们的重视，水生维管束植物以其特有的组织和生态功能及易于人工操纵等原因而在净化水体污染、防治富营养化方面发挥了重要的作用。文章对水生维管束植物在水质净化中的作用、影响因素、水生植物的综合利用及其在水污染监测中的作用等方面进行了系统分析，提出多种植物组合比单种植物能更好地实现对水体的净化，通过温度、水深的调控措施可以加强水生维管束植物对水质的净化效果，温度、水深、水质状况以及水生植物的经济价值等是水生植物选择的重要因素。指出了当前水生维管束植物研究中存在的一些问题，认为在人为操纵下，对于水生植物的长效管理是其在水污染应用中的一个重要内容。