2000年全国环境保护工作要点

２０００年是实现“九五”环保目标的最后一年。做好今年的环保工作 ,对于全国落实国务院《关于环境保护若干问题的决定》 ,把一个清洁的环境带入新世纪 ,具有重要意义。经过４年的努力 ,“九五”环保计划顺利实施。全国主要污染物排放总量得到有效控制 ,工业污染源达标率不断提高 ,重点城市流域区域海域污染防治取得一定成效。生态保护工作进一步加强 ,部分城市和地区环境质量有所改善 ,为维护改革、发展、稳定的大局做出了应有的贡献。但是 ,当前全国环境形势依然严峻。生活污染和农业污染出现加重趋势 ,生态破坏的范围继续扩大 ,局部地区…     

采用厚壁离心铸坯旋压成形大直径高纯铝筒工艺研究

此文介绍采用壁厚达90mm的离心铸坯,旋压成形大直径高纯铝筒的工艺试验。讨论了旋压中出现的各种问题,从而确定了合理的工艺参数,旋出了符合技术要求的大直径筒形件。     

表面流人工湿地处理生活污水的研究

通过小试装置研究了表面流人工湿地对人工模拟生活污水的处理效果及相关运行参数。实验结果表明，表面流人工湿地系统对污水中的CODcr、TN、TP均有较好的综合净化能力，对各种污染物指标的去除率可分别达到CODcr 75％、TN75％、TP73％，其中CODcr和TN达到一级排放标准分别需3d和4d的表观停留时间，TP要达到二级排放标准则需6d的表观停留时间。而且，湿地植物对TN和TP的去除有比较明显的促进作用。     

黑河流域土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

利用1987年和2000年1：100000Landsat TM图像解译数据分析了黑河流域土地利用变化，在此基础上，采用中国陆地生态系统服务价值的测算方法，评估了黑河流域土地利用变化引起的生态环境质量变化。结果表明，在过去的13年间，黑河流域土地利用变化总的趋势是森林、草地、河流冰川面积大幅减少，耕地、盐碱地和建筑用地迅速增加。这一变化损害了该区域的生态系统服务功能，使生态系统服务总价值(人民币)从404．22亿元／a下降到370．3亿元／a，损失率达到了8．39％。     

Coping with the environmental effects of point-source discharges

Current methods for assessing the environmental impact of point source discharges in the United States are reviewed. The emphasis of many assessments of damage from pollution is shifting from chemical or technological standards to biological standards, i.e., the protection of biological integrity in the receiving system. The importance of integrating information from chemical measurements, toxicity tests, and field surveys in impact assessment is re-emphasized. Ways in which environmental professionals can improve methods for assessing damage from pollution and its control are discussed.     

圆筒形零件拉深的CAD

此文综述了利用计算机对圆筒形零件拉深进行全面设计,从圆筒形工件拉深时工艺参数的计算到最终工艺卡的绘制,以及在中间拉深过程中拉深系数分配的优化设计都作了圆满的解决.这对圆筒形工件的拉深具有重要的实际意义.     

Early prenatal diagnosis of genetic microcephaly

We report a new case of prenatal diagnosis of recessive microcephaly by ultrasound examination allowing termination of pregnancy at 25 weeks gestation.     

金属塑性变形有限元模拟中的约束处理算法

此文提出了适用于金属体积成形过程有限元模拟的约束处理算法.该算法分为三部分.首先,将整个变形域上的节点分为潜在接触节点和非接触节点,分别建在立以节点位移为变量的子系统刚度方程.然后,以潜在接触节点的子系统为对象,确定每个节点与模具的接触状态,对实际接触摸具节点施加位移约束和摩擦条件,并求解耦合了位移约束和摩擦条件的刚度方程.第三,将上述求解的位移结果回代到非接触节点的子系统中,得到剩余节点的位移值.因此,整个系统的位移场以及应变、应力分布亦可确定.该算法的优点在于,将大系统分解为小系统分开求解,使每次求解的变量数目减少,从而可以处理较大规模的工程问题;只对含接触节点的子系统施行坐标变换、约束处理等,提高了有限元计算的效率;将位移约束、摩擦条件直接耦合到子系统中求解,当N—R迭代收剑时,力平衡条件与几何约束条件同时得到满足,从而保证了各控制方程之间的相容性,有利于提高迭代收敛速度和计算稳定性.     

富营养化水体中内源磷负荷的有效控制

介绍了国内外内源磷控制的主要措施和目前研究现状，并对各种控制措施进行了评价，提出了选择的依据。     

Effect of environmental factors on the complexation of iron and humic acid

A method of size exclusion chromatography coupled with ultraviolet spectrophotometry and off-line graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was developed to assess the complexation properties of iron(Fe) and humic acid(HA) in a water environment. The factors affecting the complexation of Fe and HA, such as ionic strength, p H, temperature and UV radiation, were investigated. The Fe–HA complex residence time was also studied. Experimental results showed that p H could influence the deprotonation of HA and hydrolysis of Fe, and thus affected the complexation of Fe and HA. The complexation was greatly disrupted by the presence of Na Cl. Temperature had some influence on the complexation. The yield of Fe–HA complexes showed a small decrease at high levels of UV radiation, but the effect of UV radiation on Fe–HA complex formation at natural levels could be neglected. It took about 10 hr for the complexation to reach equilibrium, and the Fe–HA complex residence time was about 20 hr.Complexation of Fe and HA reached a maximum level under the conditions of p H 6, very low ionic strength, in the dark and at a water temperature of about 25°C, for 10 hr. It was suggested that the Fe–HA complex could form mainly in freshwater bodies and reach high levels in the warm season with mild sunlight radiation. With changing environmental parameters, such as at lower temperature in winter or higher p H and ionic strength in an estuary, the concentration of the Fe–HA complex would decrease.