铁法煤业集团三台子污水处理厂的工艺改造

介绍了将铁法煤业（集团）有限责任公司三台子矿区污水处理工程工艺由以卡鲁塞尔氧化沟为主体的二级生化处理工艺改造为更适宜在北方气候条件下运行的A-O法工艺；同时对系统的启动进行了介绍。     

双层内衬改造技术在埋地油罐中的应用研究

介绍了共结构双层内衬改造技术,其结构共由5层组成,分别为基础层(防腐层和加强密封层组成)、中空监测层、内衬加强层、防油防腐层和导静电层;采用该技术可对加油站埋地单层钢制油罐进行双层改造,经过罐内清洗、喷砂除锈、基础层施工、中空监测层施工、内衬加强层施工、防油防腐层施工、导静电层施工和整个系统气密性的保压检测,完成双层内衬油罐的现场改造;采用GB30040规定的Ⅰ级真空泄漏监测方法,可以在油品泄漏前报警,实现埋地油罐整体安全水平的提升,具有重要的现实意义。     

兰州市大气飘尘中致突变物变化规律的研究

本研究对兰州市不同污染区(石油化工为主、燃煤、商业及农村)在不同季节时的大气飘尘,作了对比采样.飘尘样品用溶剂抽提法提取后,用化学萃取法分离为五个有机物馏分.用毛细色谱-质谱-计算机联用系统进行了定性分析,并用毛细管色谱法进行了部分定量分析.用Ames试验(用TA1537、TA98和TA100三株菌.加与不加S-1)对其致突变活性进行了研究.并对有机致突变物在不同污染区、不同季节的变化规律及其来源进行了初步探讨.     

响应面法分析Fenton氧化处理采油废水的过程

采用Fenton氧化对采油废水进行研究,选取双氧水与二价铁离子的摩尔比、初始pH值和反应时间为自变量,以废水的COD去除率为响应值,通过Box-Behnken设计方法进行实验设计,进行了3因素3水平共15个实验点的实验。使用响应面分析法对实验结果进行模拟及分析,建立了响应值与3个自变量的二次多项式方程模型。Fenton氧化的优化工艺条件:n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)=0.8,pH=3.0以及反应时间60 min。在该优化条件下,废水的COD去除率可达72.8%,经实验验证,实际值与模型预测值拟合性好,偏差仅为0.5%。实验结果证实了该模型分析采油废水处理运行参数的准确性。优化工艺后的处理水质COD值完全满足油田废水达标排放的要求。通过总离子色谱图和质谱检索分析原油中的成分变化情况,证实Fenton方法对原油组分的降解效果。     

Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒对全氟辛烷磺酸盐的吸附

采用共沉淀法合成Fe3O4纳米磁性颗粒,用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)以及振动样品磁强计(VSM)对Fe3O4纳米磁性颗粒的粒径、形貌和磁性进行表征并研究Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒对全氟辛磺酸盐的吸附。结果表明:在PFOS初始浓度4 mg/L,pH为3,反应时间24 h,Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒投加量1.25 g/L,对全氟辛磺酸盐去除率达到90%。Fe3O4纳米磁性微粒对PFOS的吸附符合Freundlich吸附方程。     

Uncovering the evolution of tin use in the United States and its implications

• US tin use decreases as the GDP value added by manufacturing sector increases. • Global and China’s tin use increases as the GDP added by manufacturing increases. • A sigmoid curve can fit the US tin use data well. • US tin use patterns is not due to the finite tin reserves or resources. • Policies, substitutions, etc. play key roles in the changing tin use patterns. Tin is of key importance to daily life and national security; it is considered an essential industrial metal. The United States (US) is the world’s largest economy and consumer of natural resources. Therefore, the analysis of historical tin use in the US is helpful for understanding future tin use trends in the world as a whole and in developing countries. Time series analysis, regression analysis with GDP or GDP/capita, and historical data fitted with logistic and Gompertz models are employed in this study. Historical tin use in the US shows three stages—increase-constant-decrease, as GDP per capita has increased. Tin use in the US is negatively correlated with the GDP value added by the manufacturing sector, while the use of tin worldwide and in China continues to increase along with the GDP value added by the manufacturing sector. Although a sigmoid curve can fit the US tin use data well, that use is not directly related to the limited tin reserves or resources. Rather, policies, economic restructuring, substitutions, new end-use markets, etc. have played key roles in the changing tin use patterns. This work contributes to understanding future tin use at both the global and national levels: tin use will continue to increase with GDP at the global level, but use patterns of tin at the national level can be changed through human intervention.     

Predicting the bioavailability of sediment-associated polybrominated diphenyl ethers using a 45-d sequential Tenax extraction

A 45-d Tenax extraction was used to evaluate the bioavailability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in three spiked sediments. The effect of aging on desorption kinetics of PBDEs was investigated by incubating one of the sediments for 7, 14, 30 and 60 d at room temperature. Desorption kinetics were well described by a three-compartment model. The fraction of very slow desorption (Fvs) contributed the most of the desorbed PBDEs from sediments. The total desorption amount of PBDEs decreased with the increase of total organic carbon in the sediments, suggesting that organic matter is an important factor controlling the partition of PBDEs in sediments. The total desorption amount of PBDEs decreased while log [(Fslow+Fvs)/Frap] increased with logKow of PBDE congeners, indicating that the bioavailability of PBDEs in sediment decreases with logKow of the congeners. As the residential time of PBDEs in the sediment increased from 7 to 60 d, Frap of individual PBDE congeners decreased gradually with simultaneous increase of Fvs. There was a good positive correlation between Frap and F6/F24, indicating that either 6 h or 24 h Tenax extraction could be a proxy for Frap and bioavailability. In general, the results in present study suggest that the bioavailability of nona- and deca-BDEs in sediment is very low due to their strong hydrophobicity and large molecular size.     

MFC-MBR耦合系统运行效果

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能有效降解污泥中的胞外生物有机质(EBOM)并回收电能.将MFC与MBR联用,建立了一套能够有效抑制膜污染同时回收电能的新系统——MFC-MBR耦合系统,MBR的剩余污泥经MFC处理后回流.以传统MBR为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况和污泥混合液的性质进行研究.研究表明,耦合系统的污水处理效果没有明显恶化,COD去除率为94％,NH4+-N的去除率为92％.耦合系统能够有效减缓膜污染的发生,清洗周期延长了28％.污泥混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在80％ ～ 88％,系统内几乎没有无机颗粒积累.松散结合态胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)降低了48％,使污泥混合液性质得到改善.较低的污泥比阻(2.69×1012m/kg)和标准化毛细吸水时间(1.67 s·L/g MLSS),证明耦合系统污泥混合液脱水性能提高了.     

The concentrations, distribution and sources of PAHs in agricultural soils and vegetables from Shunde, Guangdong, China

The concentrations, distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in 30 agricultural soil and 16 vegetable samples collected from subtropical Shunde area, an important manufacturing center in China. The total PAHs ranged from 33.7 to 350 μg/kg in soils, and 82 to 1,258 μg/kg in vegetables. The most abundant individual PAHs are phenanthrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene for soil samples, and anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and chrysene for vegetable samples. Average vegetable–soil ratios of total PAHs were 2.20 for leafy vegetables and 1.27 for fruity vegetables. Total PAHs in vegetable samples are not significantly correlated to those in corresponding soil samples. Principal component analyses were conducted to distinguish samples on basis of their distribution in each town, soil type and vegetable specie. Relatively abundant soil PAHs were found in town Jun’an, Beijiao, Chencun, Lecong and Ronggui, while abundant vegetable PAHs were observed in town Jun’an, Lecong, Xingtan, Daliang and Chenchun. The highest level of total PAHs were found in vegetable soil, followed by pond sediment and “stacked soil” on pond banks. The PAHs contents in leafy vegetables are higher than those in fruity vegetables. Some PAH compound ratios suggest the PAHs derived from incomplete combustion of petroleum, coal and refuse from power generation and ceramic manufacturing, and paint spraying on furniture, as well as sewage irrigation from textile industries. Soil PAHs contents have significant logarithmic correlation with total organic carbon, which demonstrates the importance of soil organic matter as sorbent to prevent losses of PAHs.     

基于Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感大数据分析南京市1984—2015年大气能见度变化趋势

对南京市1984—2015年Landsat 4／5／7／8卫星TM／ETM＋／OLI传感器获取的遥感数据,利用ENVI遥感软件的FLAASH大气校正模块,进行了区域大气能见度（ VIS）遥感反演。结果表明,时间跨度达30余年的Landsat卫星遥感数据影像序列反演的VIS呈明显的下降趋势,20世纪80年代数值较高,“差”能见度（＜10 km）的观测率不到6％,21世纪以来VIS下降明显,“差”能见度的观测率为20％～25％。与2010—2015年南京市PM10、PM2．5监测数据进行了对比,在城市空气清洁及污染较轻时,星地监测结果有较好的一致性,但中到重污染天气时FLAASH算法反演VIS偏高,侧重于代表离主城区距离远的偏远乡野山林地区的能见度状况。