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141.
Arsenic poses a major environmental and human health problem because of its carcinogenic nature and effect on the ecosystem. Therefore, a cost effective and socially acceptable technique is needed for its remediation. The effect of different combinations of compost amended with zeolite and/or iron oxide (up to 20% w/w) was tested on a contaminated soil with high arsenic levels (34470 mg kg(-1)). The bioavailability of arsenic was determined in terms of uptake by rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) under greenhouse experimental conditions. The results indicated that the arsenic concentrations in the rye grass was reduced to 2 mg kg(-1) dry weight by using 15% compost with 5% iron oxide and 15% compost with 5% zeolite. Less than 0.01% of the total arsenic content in the soil was being taken up by the plants. Both treatments were effective in establishing significantly higher plant growth on the contaminated soil compared to other treatments. The results from sequential extraction tests indicated that in all the compost-amended soils, there was a reduction in the soluble fraction (10-37%). Arsenic in soil was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicated that arsenic was distributed mostly within the matrix of iron and oxygen in treated samples. Amongst various treatment mixtures tested, high percent of compost (15%) with zeolite (5%) and/or iron oxide (5%) is effective in reducing arsenic uptake by plants and establish re-vegetation on the contaminated soil. 相似文献
142.
143.
Brose U Jonsson T Berlow EL Warren P Banasek-Richter C Bersier LF Blanchard JL Brey T Carpenter SR Blandenier MF Cushing L Dawah HA Dell T Edwards F Harper-Smith S Jacob U Ledger ME Martinez ND Memmott J Mintenbeck K Pinnegar JK Rall BC Rayner TS Reuman DC Ruess L Ulrich W Williams RJ Woodward G Cohen JE 《Ecology》2006,87(10):2411-2417
It has been suggested that differences in body size between consumer and resource species may have important implications for interaction strengths, population dynamics, and eventually food web structure, function, and evolution. Still, the general distribution of consumer-'resource body-size ratios in real ecosystems, and whether they vary systematically among habitats or broad taxonomic groups, is poorly understood. Using a unique global database on consumer and resource body sizes, we show that the mean body-size ratios of aquatic herbivorous and detritivorous consumers are several orders of magnitude larger than those of carnivorous predators. Carnivorous predator-prey body-size ratios vary across different habitats and predator and prey types (invertebrates, ectotherm, and endotherm vertebrates). Predator-prey body-size ratios are on average significantly higher (1) in freshwater habitats than in marine or terrestrial habitats, (2) for vertebrate than for invertebrate predators, and (3) for invertebrate than for ectotherm vertebrate prey. If recent studies that relate body-size ratios to interaction strengths are general, our results suggest that mean consumer-resource interaction strengths may vary systematically across different habitat categories and consumer types. 相似文献
144.
Chapple RS Ramp D Bradstock RA Kingsford RT Merson JA Auld TD Fleming PJ Mulley RC 《Environmental management》2011,48(4):659-674
Effective management of large protected conservation areas is challenged by political, institutional and environmental complexity
and inconsistency. Knowledge generation and its uptake into management are crucial to address these challenges. We reflect
on practice at the interface between science and management of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (GBMWHA), which
covers approximately 1 million hectares west of Sydney, Australia. Multiple government agencies and other stakeholders are
involved in its management, and decision-making is confounded by numerous plans of management and competing values and goals,
reflecting the different objectives and responsibilities of stakeholders. To highlight the complexities of the decision-making
process for this large area, we draw on the outcomes of a recent collaborative research project and focus on fire regimes
and wild-dog control as examples of how existing knowledge is integrated into management. The collaborative research project
achieved the objectives of collating and synthesizing biological data for the region; however, transfer of the project’s outcomes
to management has proved problematic. Reasons attributed to this include lack of clearly defined management objectives to
guide research directions and uptake, and scientific information not being made more understandable and accessible. A key
role of a local bridging organisation (e.g., the Blue Mountains World Heritage Institute) in linking science and management
is ensuring that research results with management significance can be effectively transmitted to agencies and that outcomes
are explained for nonspecialists as well as more widely distributed. We conclude that improved links between science, policy,
and management within an adaptive learning-by-doing framework for the GBMWHA would assist the usefulness and uptake of future
research. 相似文献
145.
Andy J. Danylchuk Steven J. Cooke Tony L. Goldberg Cory D. Suski Karen J. Murchie Sascha E. Danylchuk Aaron D. Shultz Christopher R. Haak Edd J. Brooks Annabelle Oronti Jeff B. Koppelman David P. Philipp 《Marine Biology》2011,158(9):1981-1999
To identify the timing and location of spawning activity for bonefish (Albula spp.) in the Bahamian archipelago, we used an acoustic telemetry array spanning 44?km2 of shallow tidal creeks, flats, and adjacent deeper coastal waters near Cape Eleuthera. In two successive years, we surgically implanted transmitters in male and female bonefish (n?=?60) and examined their movement patterns within the array. Eight bonefish surgically implanted with transmitters as part of an earlier study were also tracked. In 2009, the telemetry information was complemented with snorkeling observations, underwater video, and manual tracking of the same acoustically tagged fish, as well as fish (n?=?3) gastrically implanted with continuous transmitters. During a period of 4?C7?days spanning the full and new moons, primarily between October and May, bonefish moved from their typical shallow flats and aggregated at sites in close proximity to the deep water drop-off of the Exuma Sound. Localized movements of the large schools of bonefish (often?>1,000 fish) at these presumptive pre-spawning aggregation sites included brief trips (<8?h) just after sunset until just prior to sunrise to the abyssal wall at the edge of the Exuma Sound (i.e.,?>1,000?m depth). Tagged bonefish detected at these aggregation sites were subsequently detected back in the tidal creeks and coastal flats shortly after new and full moons and remained at these more typical shallow sites (i.e.,?<2?m depth). Although we did not directly observe spawning events, we did observe ventral nudging and porpoising behaviors, which are potentially associated with courtship. Timing of the observed movements and possible courtship behaviors was coincident with periods when gametes were well developed. Collectively, our study provides the first objective evidence suggesting that the aggregation and seasonal migration of bonefish to deep shelf environments during certain moon phases is for spawning. 相似文献
146.
Food and Environmental Virology - Bacterial biofilms contribute to contamination, spoilage, persistence, and hygiene failure in the food industry, but relatively little is known about the behavior... 相似文献
147.
Gurnell AM Morrissey IP Boitsidis AJ Bark T Clifford NJ Petts GE Thompson K 《Environmental management》2006,38(4):580-596
A conceptual model of the morphological development of the riparian margins of newly cut river channels is presented, suggesting
early feedbacks between vegetation growth and bank form. To test the model, observations of long and cross profiles, bank
sediment and seed deposition, and bank vegetation development were collected over the first 2 years of river flows through
a reach of the River Cole, West Midlands, UK. The newly created channel had a sinuous planform and varying asymmetric trapezoidal
cross section in sympathy with the planform. No imposed bedforms or bank reseeding were included in the design. Over the 2
years, development of bedforms was rapid, with bed sediment sorting and bank profile adjustment occurring more steadily and
progressively. Six classes of bank profile were identified by the end of the study period, illustrating close associations
with sediment aggradation, vegetation colonization, and growth patterns. Vegetation colonization of the banks was seeded predominantly
from local sources during the summer and from hydrochory (transport by the river) during the winter. Colonizing vegetation
on the riverbanks appeared to act as a significant propagule source by the second summer and as an increasingly important
roughness element, trapping both propagules and sediment, within the second year and providing early feedback into bank evolution.
As a result, the time required for riparian margin development in the conceptual model was found to be considerably longer
than observed in the study river. In addition, the role of surface wash/bank failure in modifying the bank profile and transporting
seeds onto the upper bank face during the first year of bank development was found to be important in initiating rapid bank
vegetation colonization and surface stabilization. This set of processes had not been incorporated in the initial conceptual
model. In relation to channel restoration, this research illustrates that in small temperate rivers of modest energy the provision
of an initial, sinuous corridor is sufficient to induce rapid development of fluvial features and vegetation cover without
the need to construct bed forms or to seed the banks. 相似文献
148.
This paper explores the nature of tri-sector partnerships applied to community development in the mining sector. The case study approach was used to examine an initiative for environmental improvement and socio-economic development in the diamond province of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), in the Russian Federation. The study follows the journey of this initiative from a potential tri-sector partnership model between the diamond mining company ALROSA, the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the SAPI Foundation, to a bi-lateral partnership between ALROSA and the Government represented by the Target Fund. The study explores the community development in the diamond province in the light of economic and political transition within the mining sector of the Russian Federation. 相似文献
149.
150.
Key goals of conservation are to protect both species and the functional and genetic diversity they represent. A strictly species-based approach may underrepresent rare, threatened, or genetically distinct species and overrepresent widespread species. Although reserves are created for a number of reasons, including economic, cultural, and ecological reasons, their efficacy has been measured primarily in terms of how well species richness is protected, and it is useful to compare how well they protect other measures of diversity. We used Proteaceae species-occurrence data in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa to illustrate differences in the spatial distribution of species and evolutionary diversity estimated from a new maximum-likelihood molecular phylogeny. We calculated species richness, phylogenetic diversity (i.e., summed phylogenetic branch lengths in a site), and a site-aggregated measure of biogeographically weighted evolutionary distinctiveness (i.e., an abundance weighted measure that captures the unique proportion of the phylogenetic tree a species represents) for sites throughout the Cape Floristic Region. Species richness and phylogenetic diversity values were highly correlated for sites in the region, but species richness was concentrated at a few sites that underrepresented the much more spatially extensive distribution of phylogenetic diversity. Biogeographically weighted evolutionary diversity produced a scheme of prioritization distinct from the other 2 metrics and highlighted southern sites as conservation priorities. In these sites, the high values of biogeographically weighted evolutionary distinctiveness were the result of a nonrandom relation between evolutionary distinctiveness and geographical rarity, where rare species also tended to have high levels of evolutionary distinctiveness. Such distinct and rare species are of particular concern, but are not captured by conservation schemes that focus on species richness or phylogenetic diversity alone. 相似文献