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141.
142.
The conspicuous morphogenesis during termite soldier differentiation is one of the most remarkable examples of specialized caste development in social insects. To clarify the mechanism of morphological changes during soldier differentiation, mandibular morphogenesis prior to the presoldier moult was examined in the damp-wood termite Hodotermopsis sjoestedti. Using experimental induction of presoldier differentiation from pseudergates (7th or later instar larvae) by the application of juvenile hormone analogue (JHA), we compared mandibular morphogenesis in a presoldier moult (from pseudergate to presoldier) with that of a stationary moult (from pseudergate to pseudergate). Future presoldier mandibles were formed under the old mandibular cuticle of the pseudergates just prior to the presoldier moult. Multiple folds of both epidermis and new cuticle were observed in the developing mandible, and large concavities between teeth were formed on the mandibular surface. While in the stationary moult, the future mandibles were formed with a smooth surface. The process of the mandibular morphogenesis in soldier differentiation explains the allometry of soldier mandibles. The morphological differences in mouth parts between castes arise from a switching mechanism that triggers caste-specific mandibular epithelial growth during development. 相似文献
143.
K. Kono Y. Yoshis M. Watanabe K. Usu H. Nagaie Y. Takahashi Sun G Ding G Hu Y 《环境科学学报(英文版)》1996,8(2):242-248
Serumandurinemonitoringoffluorideexposedworkersinaluminiumsmeltingfactory¥K.Kono;Y.Yoshisda;M.Watanabe;K.Usuda;H.Nagaie;Y.Tak... 相似文献
144.
Toxicogenomics has become an important field in toxicology. Originally, toxicogenomics was intended to be used to evaluate
the risks of chemicals to humans, but the recent increase in genetic information has allowed the field to be extended to other
organisms. Ecotoxicogenomics is the application of toxicogenomics to organisms that are representative of ecosystems and is
used to study the hazardous effects of chemicals on ecosystems as well as individuals. Although, the availability of genomic
information about non-model organisms is still very limited, the application of toxicogenomics to a variety of organisms could
be a powerful tool for evaluating the effects of chemicals on ecosystems.
Physical and Chemical Impacts on Marine Organisms, a Bilateral Seminar Italy–Japan held in November 2004. 相似文献
145.
Ayako Yoshino Yasuhiro Sadanaga Keisuke Watanabe Shungo Kato Yuko Miyakawa Jun Matsumoto Yoshizumi Kajii 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2006,40(40):7869-7881
Total OH reactivity was observed by use of the laser-induced pump and probe technique, and the urban air quality in Tokyo was diagnosed comprehensively. The concentrations of NOx, CO, O3, non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) were observed simultaneously. The observations were conducted in July and August 2003, and in January, February, May, and November 2004. Generally, the observed OH reactivity was higher than the calculated values derived using the observed concentrations of the trace species. The differences between the observed and calculated values in summer, spring, and autumn were approximately 30%. However, the difference in winter was smaller than those in the other seasons. In addition, while the differences observed in summer, spring, and autumn correlated with the total reactivity of the OVOCs (Σi kOVOCi[OVOCi](s−1), ki is rate constant of its compounds with OH), the correlations were not confirmed in the case of winter because atmospheric oxidation was less active and OVOCs levels were low in winter. These results suggest that the secondary products of the photochemical reactions in the atmosphere would be a missing sink for the OH loss process in the urban area. 相似文献
146.
Intake fractions (iFs) for emissions to air, water, and soil for 17 PCDDs/DFs and 12 Co-PCBs were calculated with a level III multimedia model and a food-chain exposure model in succession. The two integrated models were tested by comparing the predicted and measured concentrations in the environment and by comparing intakes through food. Measurement-based iFs were also calculated and compared with the model-based iFs. The air concentrations predicted by the fate model were close to the median of the observed concentrations, whereas the predicted soil and water concentrations were one-third to one-tenth the observed concentrations. This difference was large in case of PCDDs and Co-PCBs, which was explained by the past pollution such as commercial PCB products and PCDD impurities in chloronitrofen (CNP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). For fish, the predicted and observed exposures agreed well each other. For meat and milk, the predicted exposures were about 10 times the observed exposures for PCDDs/DFs, whereas the predicted and observed values agreed well for Co-PCBs. When the model was modified to consider feeding of fish meal to livestock and geographic bias in feed-grass production, the predicted congener profile was comparable to the measured profile. The comparison also suggested that chickens should be modeled separately from other terrestrial livestock. The model-based iFs for air emission of OCDD and 2378-TCDD were 0.001% and 0.1%, respectively. The iFs of most Co-PCBs were higher than those of PCDDs/DFs. These iF differences suggest the importance of the fate factor in assessing emissions of the 29 congeners. 相似文献
147.
Kunisue T Nakanishi S Watanabe M Abe T Nakatsu S Kawauchi S Sano A Horii A Kano Y Tanabe S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2005,136(3):465-476
Concentrations of persistent organochlorines (OCs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), biphenyls, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and their metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, hexachlorobenzene, and chlordane compounds were determined in genital organs of pet dogs and cats and pet foods from Japan. Levels of OCs in dogs were relatively lower than those in cats, while residue levels in their diets were almost similar, implying that accumulation and elimination mechanisms of these contaminants are different between dogs and cats. When bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were estimated from concentrations of OCs in dogs, cats, and their diets, BCFs of all the OCs except PCDD/DFs exceeded 1.0 in cats. On the other hand, in all the dogs, BCFs of DDTs were below 1.0, suggesting that dogs do not bioconcentrate DDTs. Furthermore, BCFs of all the OCs except PCDD/DFs in dogs were notably lower than those in cats, suggesting that dogs have higher metabolic and elimination capacity for these contaminants than cats. When residue levels of OCs in livers, adipose tissue, and genital organs of two pet dogs were examined, hepatic sequestration of PCDD/DFs and oxychlordane was observed. 相似文献
148.
Jun Yamamoto Tsuyoshi Shimura Ryosuke Uji Shinya Masuda Shuyo Watanabe Yasunori Sakurai 《Marine Biology》2007,153(1):7-13
The diel vertical distribution patterns of Japanese common squid, Todarodes pacificus, paralarvae were examined using a Multiple Opening Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) in the southwest
Sea of Japan near the Oki Islands (Japan) during five late-autumn surveys in 1998–2002. A total of 1,511 paralarvae ranging
in mantle length (ML) from 0.7 to 7.3 mm were collected at 63 of the 68 stations surveyed. Most (84%) were collected above
75 m depth and in the mixed layer. The vertical distribution patterns varied little between day and night. Hatchling-sized
(<1.0 mm ML) paralarvae were abundant at 0–25 m depth, and paralarval ML increased with increasing sampling depth. Our results
suggest that T. pacificus paralarvae do not exhibit large diel vertical migration patterns, but as they increase in size, paralarvae gradually descend
in the water column and the variability in depth increases with ontogeny. 相似文献
149.
Toxicity evaluation of new antifouling compounds using suspension-cultured fish cells 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
A simple, rapid toxicity test was developed using the suspension-cultured fish cell line CHSE-sp derived from chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha embryos in order to assess the toxicity of new marine antifouling compounds. The compounds tested were copper pyrithione, Diuron, Irgarol 1051, KH101, Sea-Nine 211, and zinc pyrithione, all of which have been nominated in Japan as possible replacements for organotin compounds. The in vitro acute toxicity (24-h EC50) of the six compounds to these fish cells was evaluated using the dye Alamar Blue to determine cell viability, and then correlated with the results of in vivo chronic toxicities (28-day LC50) to juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The suspension-cultured fish cells were found to be suitable for the screening of such chemicals before performing an in vivo test. The toxicities of the test compounds obtained from both tests, shown in decreasing order, were as follows: copper pyrithione > zinc pyrithione > KH101 > or = Sea-Nine 211 > Diuron > Irgarol 1051. The herbicides Diuron and Irgarol 1051 showed the least toxicity, while the pyrithiones had the greatest toxicity. 相似文献
150.
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) of whole blood samples taken from 24 healthy adult Japanese volunteers (12 males and 12 females; age range 25–46 years). On average, 95 PCB congeners were detected in whole blood samples. The mean of total PCB concentration in whole blood was 771.9 pg g–1 whole blood (139.6 ng per g-lipid). Congener-specific analysis identified the predominant PCB congeners as #153 (22.2), #180 (11.6), #138 (8.4), #182/187 (6.6), #118 (5.6), #163/164 (5.0), #99 (3.9), #74 (3.6), #146 (3.3), #170 (3.0) and #156 (2.2), representing 75.6 of all PCBs detected in the human blood samples. Among the predominant PCB congeners, #153, #180, #138, #187 #118, #99 and #74 had chlorine as the substituent at the 2-, 4- and 5- positions of the phenyl-ring. In human blood in Japanese individuals, it is assumed that these congeners would be characteristic of the entire population, based on the relation between PCB ingestion and metabolism. Measuring 209 PCB congeners has the advantage of providing detailed information regarding the congener distribution within the blood samples, which can be compared to congener patterns in other matrices. Congener-specific analysis of 209 PCB congeners is especially useful in evaluating human exposure to PCBs. 相似文献