收费全文 | 12044篇 |
免费 | 128篇 |
国内免费 | 765篇 |
安全科学 | 183篇 |
废物处理 | 920篇 |
环保管理 | 1439篇 |
综合类 | 2186篇 |
基础理论 | 3478篇 |
污染及防治 | 2538篇 |
评价与监测 | 1143篇 |
社会与环境 | 983篇 |
灾害及防治 | 67篇 |
2023年 | 50篇 |
2022年 | 189篇 |
2021年 | 173篇 |
2020年 | 87篇 |
2019年 | 77篇 |
2018年 | 1549篇 |
2017年 | 1495篇 |
2016年 | 1299篇 |
2015年 | 266篇 |
2014年 | 205篇 |
2013年 | 280篇 |
2012年 | 670篇 |
2011年 | 1540篇 |
2010年 | 841篇 |
2009年 | 748篇 |
2008年 | 1050篇 |
2007年 | 1347篇 |
2006年 | 151篇 |
2005年 | 119篇 |
2004年 | 101篇 |
2003年 | 110篇 |
2002年 | 147篇 |
2001年 | 55篇 |
2000年 | 60篇 |
1999年 | 56篇 |
1998年 | 62篇 |
1997年 | 41篇 |
1996年 | 38篇 |
1995年 | 23篇 |
1994年 | 21篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 9篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 4篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1959年 | 1篇 |
1935年 | 2篇 |
In this study, different pretreatment strategies of sugarcane bagasse prior to citric acid modification were investigated in terms of Pb2+ adsorption capacity. Pretreatment strategies included the use of NaOH, HCl, and C2H5OH in various concentrations. In order to fundamentally understand how these pretreatment methods affect the modification of sugarcane bagasse by citric acid as well as the Pb2+ adsorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse, three main components of sugarcane bagasse namely cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were isolated and esterified by citric acid under the same conditions. ATR-FTIR, XPS, SEM, and an analysis of the number of carboxylic acid groups were used to investigate the physicochemical and chemical properties of the materials. These three components were proved to participate in adsorption and induce the esterification with citric acid. Hence, pretreatment with ethanol and 0.01 M NaOH which could retain cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in sugarcane bagasse achieved a high Pb2+ adsorption capacity, i.e., 122.4 and 97 mg/g after the esterification with citric acid. In contrast, pretreatment with 0.5 M NaOH and 0.1 M HCl removed lignin and hemicellulose, leading to the lowest value of approximately 45 mg/g for citric acid esterified-pretreated sugarcane bagasse. XPS analysis and number of carboxylic group measurement confirmed the esterification between bagasse and citric acid. To understand the adsorption mechanism of adsorbent, two kinetic models including pseudo-first-order model and pseudo-second-order model were applied. The experimental data were well described by the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted Langmuir and Freundlich.
相似文献Characterization of the typical petroleum pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes, and indigenous microbial community structure and function in historically contaminated soil at petrol stations is critical. Five soil samples were collected from a petrol station in Beijing, China. The concentrations of 16 PAHs and 31 n-alkanes were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The total concentrations of PAHs and n-alkanes ranged from 973 ± 55 to 2667 ± 183 μg/kg and 6.40 ± 0.38 to 8.65 ± 0.59 mg/kg (dry weight), respectively, which increased with depth. According to the observed molecular indices, PAHs and n-alkanes originated mostly from petroleum-related sources. The levels of ΣPAHs and the total toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (ranging from 6.41 to 72.54 μg/kg) might exert adverse biological effects. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was employed to investigate the indigenous microbial community structure and function. The results revealed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most abundant phyla, and Nocardioides and Microbacterium were the important genera. Based on COG and KEGG annotations, the highly abundant functional classes were identified, and these functions were involved in allowing microorganisms to adapt to the pressure from contaminants. Five petroleum hydrocarbon degradation-related genes were annotated, revealing the distribution of degrading microorganisms. This work facilitates the understanding of the composition, source, and potential ecological impacts of residual PAHs and n-alkanes in historically contaminated soil.
相似文献Size, morphology, and composition of airborne particles strongly affect human health and visibility, precipitation, and the kinetic characteristics of particles. In this study, the morphology and chemical composition of particles emitted from conventional (diesel and gasoline) and alternative (CNG and methanol) fuel vehicles were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). The SEM images revealed that the size of primary particles (without agglomeration) was approximately 10 nm in the exhaust from all the tested vehicles. The particles emitted from gasoline vehicle (GV), CNG vehicle (CNGV), and methanol vehicle (MV) had the same median diameter, 62 nm, which was smaller than those from heavy diesel vehicle (HDV) and light diesel vehicle (LDV). Soot was observed in the HDV, LDV, and GV samples but not in the CNGV and MV. The fractal dimension, which was used to quantify the degree of irregularity of soot, was 1.752 ± 0.014, 1.789 ± 0.076, and 1.769 ± 0.006 in the exhaust from HDV, LDV, and GV samples, respectively. The particles discharged by all tested vehicles contained the elements C, O, Fe, and Na. The main element in the samples of HDV, LDV, and GV was C, while O was the main element in the samples of alternative fuel vehicles. The profiles of minor elements were more complex in the emissions of alternative fuel vehicles than those in the emissions of conventional fuel vehicles. The results improved our understanding of the morphology and elemental composition of particles emitted from vehicles powered by diesel, gasoline, CNG, and methanol.
相似文献