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941.
Oliver?TaherzadehEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Peter?Howley 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2018,20(4):1807-1830
Market-based instruments (MBIs) have emerged as a popular approach to balance development and conservation objectives. However, their ability to accomplish this is often beset by poor implementation in practice. This is testament to a widening gap between the rate of policy development and implementation of MBIs and the maturity of research and evaluation on their design, and impact on affected stakeholders. Within this context, this paper examines multi-stakeholder perspectives to the adoption of Biodiversity Offsetting in England, an instrument designed to enable biodiversity losses in one place to be compensated through conservation improvements elsewhere. Analysis reveals issues associated with social and ecological compensation of biodiversity loss. Findings suggest that there is a need for a broader consideration of issues surrounding distributive justice, access to nature and the status of ownership over sites of common heritage when accounting for biodiversity loss and its compensation. This message is salient to both the study context as well as the burgeoning international practice of Biodiversity Offsetting. 相似文献
942.
Few studies have been conducted on the impact of carbon emissions disclosure on firms’ financial performance in emerging economies. Furthermore, comparison between accounting-based measures and market-based ones remains limited. This article examines the effect of carbon emissions reporting on the financial value of South African companies for the period 2010–2015. Using panel regression approaches, the findings show that, in most cases, carbon emission disclosure generates a positive relationship with ROA (an accounting-based indicator) but a negative association with MVA (a market-based indicator). The article concludes that accounting-based indicators offer more explanatory power for corporate greening initiatives. 相似文献
943.
Victor Moutinho Mara Madaleno Joo Paulo Bento 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2020,27(2):363-413
Few studies have attempted to study the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis at the individual sector level using more than one sector at once. This paper investigates the existence of the EKC hypothesis in the Iberian countries (Portugal and Spain) using thirteen economic activity sectors for each, analyzing each individual sector’s cointegration and causality relationships considering carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, sector gross value added and energy consumption. The findings of this paper using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach only validate cointegration in six Portuguese sectors and in five of the Spanish sectors. Results confirm both short- and long-run bi-directional and unidirectional causality between economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions, using the error correction model (ECM) and Toda and Yamamoto’s causality approaches. Moreover, results for Portuguese and Spanish sectors indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship only for one sector each. In some sectors there was evidence of a U-shaped relationship and in others the EKC hypothesis could be verified but no statistical significance was obtained. The study has significant contributions for sector policy, including implications to curtail energy pollutants by implementing environmental friendly regulations to sustain economic development at the sector level in the Iberian market. It also allows inferences to be made about the existence of different behaviors in comparative terms for the same economic activity sectors of the individual countries. 相似文献
944.
Spatial and temporal drivers of zoonotic pathogen contamination of an agricultural watershed 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jokinen CC Edge TA Koning W Laing CR Lapen DR Miller J Mutschall S Scott A Taboada EN Thomas JE Topp E Wilkes G Gannon VP 《Journal of environmental quality》2012,41(1):242-252
In regions where animal agriculture is prominent, such as southern Alberta, higher rates of gastrointestinal illness have been reported when compared with nonagricultural regions. This difference in the rate of illness is thought to be a result of increased zoonotic pathogen exposure through environmental sources such as water. In this study, temporal and spatial factors associated with bacterial pathogen contamination of the Oldman River, which transverses this region, were analyzed using classification and regression tree analysis. Significantly higher levels of fecal indicators; more frequent isolations of Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enterica spp.; and higher rates of detection of pig-specific Bacteroides markers occurred at downstream sites than at upstream sites, suggesting additive stream inputs. Fecal indicator densities were also significantly higher when any one of these three bacterial pathogens was present and where there were higher total animal manure units; however, occasionally pathogens were present when fecal indicator levels were low or undetectable. Overall, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and E. coli O157:H7 presence was associated with season, animal manure units, and total rainfall on the day of sampling and 3 d in advance of sampling. Several of the environmental variables analyzed in this study appear to influence pathogen prevalence and therefore may be useful in predicting water quality and safety and in the improvement of watershed management practices in this and other agricultural regions. 相似文献
945.
Effects of Tourism and Topography on Vegetation Diversity in the Subalpine Meadows of the Dongling Mountains of Beijing,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Subalpine meadows in the Dongling Mountains (located at E115o26′-115o40′, N40o00′-40o05′) of Beijing, China are important
for tourism and the provision of ecosystem services. However, because of poor management serious degradation has occurred
on these subalpine meadows. The aim of this paper is to present a quantitative analysis of effects of tourism disturbance
and topography on the status and diversity of montane meadow communities and to provide direction for improved management.
Sixty quadrats of 2 × 2 m2 along 10 transects were set up to collect data on site characteristics and vegetation status. The relationships between community
composition and structure, species diversity, and tourism disturbance and topographic variables were analyzed by multivariate
methods (TWINSPAN and CCA). The results showed that eight meadow communities were identified by TWINSPAN. Most of them were
seriously degraded. The first CCA axis identified an elevation and tourism disturbance intensity gradient, which illustrated
that tourism disturbance and elevation were most important factors influencing meadow types, composition and structure. Some
resistant species and response species to tourism disturbance were identified and can be used as indicator species of tourism
disturbance. Species richness, heterogeneity and evenness were closely related to tourism disturbance and elevation. It is
concluded that tourism disturbance must be controlled to enable grassland rehabilitation to occur in the meadows. Measures
of effective management of the meadows were discussed. 相似文献
946.
The history of the establishment and management philosophies of the mainland Portuguese Protected Areas was reconstructed
through the use of written records and oral history interviews. The objectives were to review the main philosophies in the
creation and management of these areas, to assess the influence of international PA models, to compare the Portuguese case
with other European and international literature concerning PAs and to discuss the value of the oral history in this research.
As main results, it was found that the initial management model of “Wilderness (or Yellowstone)” was replaced by the “new
paradigm” of PAs when the democracy was re-established. Changes in the management philosophies within this “new paradigm”
were also identified, which resulted in the transition of a “Landscape” to a “Nature conservation” model. After the establishment
of the Natura 2000 network, the “Biodiversity conservation” model prevailed. It was also found that the initiative for the
establishment of most PAs came from the government, although there were few cases of creation due to the action of NGOs and
municipalities. Finally, oral history interviews enabled the addition of information to the literature review, but also provided
more insight and detail to this history. 相似文献
947.
Quantifying the Effects of Conservation Practices on Soil,Water, and Nutrients in the Loess Mesa Ravine Region of the Loess Plateau,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A large number of soil and water conservation programs have been implemented on the Loess Plateau of China since the 1950s.
To comprehensively assess the merits and demerits of the conservation practices is of great importance in further supervising
the conservation strategy for the Loess Plateau. This study calculates the impact factors of conservation practices on soil,
water, and nutrients during the period 1954–2004 in the Nanxiaohegou Catchment, a representative catchment in the Loess Mesa
Ravine Region of the Loess Plateau, China. Brief conclusions could be drawn as follows: (1) Soil erosion and nutrient loss
had been greatly mitigated through various conservation practices. About half of the total transported water and 94.8 % of
the total transported soil and nutrients, had been locally retained in the selected catchment. The soil retained from small
watersheds do not only form large-scale fertile farmland but also safeguard the Yellow River against overflow. (2) Check dam
was the most appropriate conservation practice on the Loess Plateau. In the selected catchment, more than 90 % of the retained
soil and water were accomplished by the dam farmland, although the dam farmland occupied only 2.3 % of the total area of all
conservation measures. Retention abilities of the characteristic conservation practices were in the following order: dam farmland > terrace
farmland > forest land and grassland. (3) The conservation practices were more powerful in retaining sediment than in reducing
runoff from the Loess Plateau, and the negative effects of the conservation practices on reducing water to the Yellow River
were relatively slight. 相似文献
948.
Management of forests, rangelands, and wetlands on public lands, including the restoration of degraded lands, has the potential
to increase carbon sequestration or reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions beyond what is occurring today. In this paper we
discuss several policy options for increasing GHG mitigation on public lands. These range from an extension of current policy
by generating supplemental mitigation on public lands in an effort to meet national emissions reduction goals, to full participation
in an offsets market by allowing GHG mitigation on public lands to be sold as offsets either by the overseeing agency or by
private contractors. To help place these policy options in context, we briefly review the literature on GHG mitigation and
public lands to examine the potential for enhanced mitigation on federal and state public lands in the United States. This
potential will be tempered by consideration of the tradeoffs with other uses of public lands, the needs for climate change
adaptation, and the effects on other ecosystem services. 相似文献
949.
Dearing JA Bullock S Costanza R Dawson TP Edwards ME Poppy GM Smith GM 《Environmental management》2012,49(4):767-775
The ‘Perfect Storm’ metaphor describes a combination of events that causes a surprising or dramatic impact. It lends an evolutionary
perspective to how social-ecological interactions change. Thus, we argue that an improved understanding of how social-ecological
systems have evolved up to the present is necessary for the modelling, understanding and anticipation of current and future
social-ecological systems. Here we consider the implications of an evolutionary perspective for designing research approaches.
One desirable approach is the creation of multi-decadal records produced by integrating palaeoenvironmental, instrument and
documentary sources at multiple spatial scales. We also consider the potential for improved analytical and modelling approaches
by developing system dynamical, cellular and agent-based models, observing complex behaviour in social-ecological systems
against which to test systems dynamical theory, and drawing better lessons from history. Alongside these is the need to find
more appropriate ways to communicate complex systems, risk and uncertainty to the public and to policy-makers. 相似文献
950.
The present study was conducted to compare the 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U activity concentrations in epigeic moss (Hypnum cupressiforme) and lichen (Cladonia rangiformis). The activity levels in 37 moss and 38 lichen samples collected from the Marmara region of Turkey were measured using a gamma spectrometer equipped with a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The activity concentrations of 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U in the moss samples were found to be in the range of 0.36-8.13, 17.1-181.1, 1.51-6.17, and 0.87-6.70 Bq kg−1 respectively, while these values were below detection limit (BDL)-4.32, 16.6-240.0, 1.32-6.47, and BDL-3.57 Bq kg−1 respectively in lichen. The average moss/lichen activity ratios of 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U were found to be 1.32 ± 0.57, 2.79 ± 1.67, 2.11 ± 0.82, and 2.19 ± 1.02, respectively. Very low 137Cs concentrations were observed in moss and lichen samples compared to soil samples collected from the same locations in a previous study. Seasonal variations of the measured radionuclide activities were also examined in the three sampling stations. 相似文献