Sensitive crop species and appropriate bioassays for potential use in phytotoxicity assessment of Pb-contaminated soils

The present study aims to determine the phytotoxic effects of lead (Pb) on corn (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and to identify the sensitive crop species and appropriate bioassays for potential use in phytotoxicity assessment of Pb-contaminated soil. In a laboratory experiment, Pb(NO₃)₂ was added to the background soil to obtain eight Pb treatments. The results indicate that the seed germination rate of lettuce decreases by 14.44%, 30.00% and 40.00% at 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg Pb kg^?1 soil, respectively. However, the germination of corn, wheat, cucumber and cabbage is not significantly influenced by the Pb-contaminated soil treated with all the tested concentrations. Furthermore, the root elongation is more sensitive to Pb than is seed germination. The minimum concentrations of adverse effect of maize, wheat, cucumber, cabbage and lettuce are 2000, 3000, 1300, 800 and 300 mg Pb kg^?1 soil, respectively. Moreover, dicotyledon species are more sensitive than monocotyledon species. In the genotoxicity study, the mitotic index (MI) fluctuates with an increasing Pb concentration. The micronuclei (MN) frequencies of cucumber, cabbage and lettuce exhibit a dose-dependent effect at concentrations ranging from 1300 to 4000 mg Pb kg^?1 soil. It can be concluded that lettuce is a good candidate for indicating the toxicity of Pb in soil. Root elongation and the micronucleus frequency of dicotyledon are appropriate bioassays for potential use in phytotoxicity assessment of Pb-contaminated soil.     

High cadmium adsorption on nanoscale zero-valent iron coated Eichhornia crassipes biochar

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Overgrowth of Eichhornia crassipes, or water hyacinth, in local waters is a major concern, which has caused severe ecological disasters. Moreover, once the E....     

宁夏光伏电站模型参数对电网安全稳定性的影响

通过开展光伏电站的等值建模、参数辨识、模型评价的体系研究,为宁夏电网开展光伏电站模型参数测试业务提供完备的技术储备,为包含光伏发电的宁夏电网安全稳定分析和运行控制提供了基础模型和数据支撑,可广泛应用于方式计算、运行规划、事故分析及反措制定等方面,具有广阔的推广应用前景和实用价值。     

从组分和性质角度谈污染地块中石油烃的人体健康风险评估

石油烃的人体健康风险评估是污染地块土壤污染风险评估过程中的最常见的问题之一,其远比单一污染物的评估复杂和困难.但我国缺乏针对性的评估方法,实际操作中存在较多误区.因此,对于石油烃概念、性质的归纳总结以及对其健康风险评估方法的研究和探索,具有重要的意义.本文介绍了石油烃的基本概念,分析了不同馏分性质间的关系,回顾并分析了其分析测试方法及人体健康风险评估方法的适用要求及优缺点,提出了指示剂法与分馏法相结合采用典型样品馏分占比进行总体评估的工作方法,进而针对我国当前面临的问题,提出了后续的研究和发展建议.     

Assessment of future climate change impacts on water-heat-salt migration in unsaturated frozen soil using CoupModel

• A model coupling water-heat-salt of unsaturated frozen soil was established. • Future temperature, precipitation, and evaporation increase in freeze–thaw period. • Soil water, heat, and salt transport are closely coupled during freeze–thaw period. • Freeze–thaw cycles and future climate change can exacerbate salinization. The transport mechanisms of water, heat, and salt in unsaturated frozen soil, as well as its response to future climate change are in urgent need of study. In this study, western Jilin Province in north-eastern China was studied to produce a model of coupled water-heat-salt in unsaturated frozen soil using CoupModel. The water, heat, and salt dynamics of unsaturated frozen soil under three representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios were simulated to analyze the effects of future climate change on unsaturated frozen soil. The results show that water, heat, and salt migration are tightly coupled, and the soil salt concentration in the surface layer (10 cm) exhibits explosive growth after freezing and thawing. The future (2020–2099) meteorological factors in the study area were predicted using the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM). For RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, future temperatures during the freeze–thaw period increased by 2.68°C, 3.18°C, and 4.28°C, respectively; precipitation increased by 30.28 mm, 28.41 mm, and 32.17 mm, respectively; and evaporation increased by 93.57 mm, 106.95 mm, and 130.57 mm, respectively. Climate change will shorten the freeze–thaw period, advance the soil melting time from April to March, and enhance water and salt transport. Compared to the baseline period (1961–2005), future soil salt concentrations at 10 cm increased by 1547.54 mg/L, 1762.86 mg/L, and 1713.66 mg/L under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, respectively. The explosive salt accumulation is more obvious. Effective measures should be taken to prevent the salinization of unsaturated frozen soils and address climate change.     

Mapping loci that control lateral spike development in Tibetan barley by bulked segregant analysis (BSA)北大核心CSCD

Fertility of lateral spikelets determines the two-rowed or six-rowed spikes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), which results in significantly different grain yields. The change in row type from two-rowed to six-rowed shows remarkable domestication characteristics. The Qinghai-Tibet plateau has abundant resources of wild and cultivated barley, and is considered one of the centers of domestication and genetic diversity of cultivated barley. In order to obtain a primary understanding of the genetic basis of lateral spike development regulation and the domestication process in cultivated Tibetan barley, an F2 segregation population was constructed by crossing the two-rowed wild barley accession ZYM0083 with the six-rowed landraces Linzhiheiliuleng. Genetic analysis showed that the row type was controlled by a single gene. Using the specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology and bulked segregant analysis (BSA), two DNA pools from 22 two-rowed spike individuals and 22 six-rowed spike individuals of the F2 population were constructed and sequenced. A total of 456 691 SLAF tags were obtained. By adopting the ED and SNP index for association analysis, three candidate regions with a 53.84-Mb interval and containing 536 genes were obtained. Four-hundred thirteen, 189, and 160 annotated genes were acquired by GO, KEGG, and COG libraries, respectively. Loci that control lateral spike development in Tibetan barley were primarily mapped by SLAF-seq, and the results presented in this study will facilitate the fine mapping and cloning of target genes. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Efficient metoprolol degradation by heterogeneous copper ferrite/sulfite reaction

Metal/sulfite systems are currently used for SO ₄ ^?? generation and oxidative removal of organic contaminants. However, homogeneous metal/sulfite systems are limited because their working pHs must be acidic and metal ions cannot be separated from the bulk reaction solution. As a consequence, these drawbacks have severely limited the application of metal/sulfite systems in real conditions. To address these issues, we tested the use of copper ferrite (CuFe₂O₄), a ferromagnetic nanoparticle, to catalyze sulfite oxidation for the degradation of the metoprolol drug. The reaction mechanism was investigated by electron spin resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and radical quenching assay. The effects of pH, CuFe₂O₄, and sulfite dosages were also assessed. Results show that SO ₄ ^?? was the primary radical responsible for metoprolol degradation. Higher pHs induced more metoprolol degradation using CuFe₂O₄/sulfite. Moreover, CuFe₂O₄ remained morphologically intact and catalytically active after four batches of recycling. Overall, our findings show that CuFe₂O₄/sulfite can effectively degrade water contaminants in alkali pH and withhold catalyst activity after multiple reuses, therefore addressing the issues associated with homogeneous metal/sulfite systems.     

10kV线路绝缘操作杆保护管的设计制作

由于乡镇供电所配置的10 kV绝缘操作杆在使用过程中易造成磨损、挤压、金属部分生锈等不同程度的损伤,致使操作杆绝缘性能下降,达不到绝缘合格要求,为此设计了一种新型操作杆保护管。应用效果表明这个设计提高了安全工器具的使用寿命,具有一定的实用价值。     

北京市污水处理厂出水中药物和个人护理品的季节变化及其生态风险评价

由于污水处理厂出水中含有微量有机污染物,这些污染物能够通过污水处理厂出水进入到水环境中,对生态系统和人体健康存在潜在的威胁.为探明污水处理厂出水中药物和个人护理品（Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products,PPCPs）在不同季节中的浓度分布及生态风险情况,本研究于2019年的春季、夏季和秋季分别对北京市5座污水处理厂出水中PPCPs的赋存情况和浓度变化进行了调查分析,并对其进行了生态风险评价.结果表明：5座污水处理厂出水中PPCPs检出率为100%的化合物包括磺胺甲恶唑、克拉霉素、卡马西平、避蚊胺、美托洛尔、咖啡因、氧氟沙星和双氯芬酸;PPCPs在不同季节中表现出一定的浓度分布差异,其中磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲恶唑、克拉霉素、吉非罗齐、苯扎贝特、氯贝酸、美托洛尔、普萘洛尔、卡马西平、甲氧苄啶、避蚊胺在春季出水中的浓度明显高于其在夏季和秋季出水中浓度,而双氯芬酸、甲芬那酸、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星和咖啡因则在夏季出水中浓度要略高于其在春季和秋季出水中的浓度;通过对PPCPs的生态风险评价发现,避蚊胺在一个春季样品中为中风险污染物,在其他样品中均为低风险污染物,磺胺甲恶唑和美托洛尔的最大RQ值分别为0.09和0.08,接近中风险,其他PPCPs均为低风险污染物.     

孔隙堵塞效应降低生物质炭-磁铁矿混合物对镉的吸附能力

利用吸附实验,通过吸附等温模型,研究了磁铁矿、生物质炭和生物质炭-磁铁矿混合物对Cd的吸附能力;在此基础上,使用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和BCR连续提取法对吸附介质上Cd的结合形态进行分析.Langmuir和Freundlich两种吸附等温模型拟合结果表明,无论单一的磁铁矿和生物质炭或是二者的混合物对Cd的吸附均为单层吸附.磁铁矿和生物质炭对Cd单独吸附的吸附量分别为18.9、14.0 mg·kg^-1,而生物质炭-磁铁矿混合物对Cd的吸附量为12.0 mg·kg^-1,低于其单独吸附Cd的吸附能力.当加入胡敏酸（HA）时,磁铁矿和生物质炭对Cd的吸附量分别为23.0、14.7 mg·kg^-1,混合物对Cd的吸附量为13.3 mg·kg^-1,混合后材料对Cd的吸附能力均降低.粒径、孔隙度和形貌表征结果显示,生物质炭粒径（10~100 μm）远大于磁铁矿粒径（1~10 μm）,混合后部分磁铁矿纳米颗粒堵塞生物质炭的微孔,使混合后材料孔隙度明显降低（88.5%~74.5%）,从而导致混合材料吸附能力下降.XPS分析中,与磁铁矿混合或加入HA都对生物质炭表面C—O官能团含量有影响,从而影响吸附效果.从XPS结果还可以看出,吸附后的Cd全部以Cd²⁺形式存在,BCR连续提取也证明吸附剂上的Cd主要以可交换态存在.磁铁矿和生物质炭除去Cd主要依赖表面吸附、络合及共沉淀.吸附的Cd较不稳定,随着环境变化容易发生解吸作用,重新释放到环境中.