油田作业废水处理技术研究进展

文章讨论了作业废水的组成与特点,并对近年来钻井废水处理工艺,酸化废水处理工艺,压裂废水处理工艺进行了总结与评述。根据作业废水的处理现状,对未来作业废水的处理技术进行了展望。油田废水处理主要向以下三个方面发展:开发新型处理药剂;建立高效处理工艺流程;从污水源头开始控制。     

喀斯特峡谷区工程性缺水原因及解决途径——以贵州省花江峡谷示范区为例

喀斯特峡谷区河深坡陡,地下水深埋,水资源利用难度大,加之经济和水利工程薄弱,是贵州省工程性缺水的典型区域。通过对花江峡谷示范区工程性缺水的原因剖析,提出一系列解决工程性缺水问题的措施,如雨水收集、表层喀斯特水和基岩裂隙水的开发利用、节水、加强对水利工程设施的管理和维护、加大水利投入以及提高植被覆盖率等,这对解决喀斯特峡谷及类似区域的工程性缺水问题有一定的指导和参考意义。     

基于产业结构视角的我国经济与环境耦合系统的演化分析

产业结构是人类作用于生态环境系统的主要环节,其组合类型与强度在很大程度上决定了经济发展对资源环境的胁迫作用。从产业结构视角研究经济与资源环境的协调程度,可从根本上阐释经济—环境—资源的矛盾。从产业结构的角度阐述经济发展与资源环境承载力耦合含义,利用协同学思想构建两者之间的耦合度模型,以1996年以来产业结构与资源环境的相关数据为基础进行分析。研究表明,产业结构与资源环境的耦合协调度经历了一个先上升后下降的过程,整体处于较低层次。产业结构发展程度与资源环境利用的有效性存在密切联系,产业结构的优化可促进资源的有效利用和生态环境的保护。     

神经网络方法在地表高程预测中的应用研究

从地表高程预测的研究现状出发,基于Matlab神经网络工具箱构建了广义回归神经网络(GRNN),建立了能够预测地表高程的神经网络预测模型,并与反距离加权法(IDW)的预测结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,GRNN方法计算简单,在相同的样本数据条件下,GRNN的预测精度较高,表明神经网络方法在地表高程预测中的应用是可行的。     

城市旅游的驱动机制和突变发展模式研究——以都江堰市经济开发区为例

运用概念性旅游规划的原理和技术路线分析了都江堰市经济开发区发展城市旅游的驱动机制,根据突变理论探讨了都江堰经济开发区的发展模式,为都江堰区域旅游地的整体整合和长远发展提供导向。     

Sulfate and glutathione enhanced arsenic accumulation by arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L.

This experiment examined the effects of sulfate (S) and reduced glutathione (GSH) on arsenic uptake by arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata after exposing to arsenate (0, 15 or 30 mg As L⁻¹) with sulfate (6.4, 12.8 or 25.6 mg S L⁻¹) or GSH (0, 0.4 or 0.8 mM) for 2-wk. Total arsenic, S and GSH concentrations in plant biomass and arsenic speciation in the growth media and plant biomass were determined. While both S (18-85%) and GSH (77-89%) significantly increased arsenic uptake in P. vittata, GSH also increased arsenic translocation by 61-85% at 0.4 mM (p < 0.05). Sulfate and GSH did not impact plant biomass or arsenic speciation in the media and biomass. The S-induced arsenic accumulation by P. vittata was partially attributed to increased plant GSH (21-31%), an important non-enzymatic antioxidant countering oxidative stress. This experiment demonstrated that S and GSH can effectively enhance arsenic uptake and translocation by P. vittata.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their methoxylated metabolites in anchovy (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coilia</Emphasis> sp.) from the Yangtze River Delta,China

Background, aim, and scope  

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites are toxic to animals, and concentrations of the PBDEs metabolites can exceed those of the parent materials. But no information was available on concentrations of PBDEs metabolites in the lower Yangtze River in the region around Jiangsu Province of China, which is heavily urbanized and industrialized area. The aims of this study were to determine whether PBDEs and their methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) were accumulated in Coilia sp. in this area and to investigate the potential sources for these two kinds of brominated organic pollutants.     

贫营养异养硝化细菌的分离鉴定及硝化性能研究

从水库底泥中分离出1株贫营养异养硝化细菌,命名为菌株Y11。经菌株生理特性研究和16SrDNA测序,鉴定出菌株Y11属于假单胞菌属细菌(Pseudomonas sp.)。考察了温度、pH及C/N对菌株Y11的硝化性能影响,结果表明,菌株Y11进行硝化作用的最适温度为30℃,最适pH为中性,最适C/N为6.0,在该条件下进行4d的硝化反应,菌株Y11对氨氮去除率可达91.42%。     

TiO2光催化对微滤去除腐殖酸的膜污染控制研究

着重研究了不同紫外灯光源和照射时间条件下,TiO2光催化（PCO）对微滤去除腐殖酸过程中的膜污染控制,并探讨了膜污染的控制机理。研究结果表明,TiO2光催化能有效提高微滤对腐殖酸的去除,同时降低膜通量的下降,起到有效控制膜污染的作用。进一步的实验分析表明,TiO2光催化控制膜污染的主要机理在于将腐殖酸降解为易于被TiO2吸附的小分子量物质,吸附腐殖酸降解产物后的TiO2聚合颗粒粒径增大,易于在膜表面形成更为松散的沉积层,并使膜污染从以膜孔堵塞和沉积层污染为主转化为以沉积层污染为主的可逆性污染。     

Influence of regional development policies and clean technology adoption on future air pollution exposure

Future air pollution emissions in the year 2030 were estimated for the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) in central California using a combined system of land use, mobile, off-road, stationary, area, and biogenic emissions models. Four scenarios were developed that use different assumptions about the density of development and level of investment in transportation infrastructure to accommodate the expected doubling of the SJV population in the next 20 years. Scenario 1 reflects current land-use patterns and infrastructure while scenario 2 encouraged compact urban footprints including redevelopment of existing urban centers and investments in transit. Scenario 3 allowed sprawling development in the SJV with reduced population density in existing urban centers and construction of all planned freeways. Scenario 4 followed currently adopted land use and transportation plans for the SJV. The air quality resulting from these urban development scenarios was evaluated using meteorology from a winter stagnation event that occurred on December 15th, 2000 to January 7th 2001. Predicted base-case PM2.5 mass concentrations within the region exceeded 35 μg m^?3 over the 22-day episode. Compact growth reduced the PM2.5 concentrations by ～1 μg m^?3 relative to the base-case over most of the SJV with the exception of increases (～1 μg m^?3) in urban centers driven by increased concentrations of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). Low-density development increased the PM2.5 concentrations by 1–4 μg m^?3 over most of the region, with decreases (0.5–2 μg m^?3) around urban areas. Population-weighted average PM2.5 concentrations were very similar for all development scenarios ranging between 16 and 17.4 μg m^?3. Exposure to primary PM components such as EC and OC increased 10–15% for high density development scenarios and decreased by 11–19% for low-density scenarios. Patterns for secondary PM components such as nitrate and ammonium ion were almost exactly reversed, with a 10% increase under low-density development and a 5% decrease under high density development. The increased human exposure to primary pollutants such as EC and OC could be predicted using a simplified analysis of population-weighted primary emissions. Regional planning agencies should develop thresholds of population-weighted primary emissions exposure to guide the development of growth plans. This metric will allow them to actively reduce the potential negative impacts of compact growth while preserving the benefits.