RAMS contribution to efficient waste minimisation and management

The significance of waste management systems in recent years increased due to the growing problems of waste management chains affecting the daily lives of millions of people and the impact on the environment. Several promising approaches have been developed in the past few years. One of them is the waste management system modelling using reliability, availability, maintainability and safety software. This paper analyses and evaluates this approach. The main goal is to provide quantitative forecasts for various performance measures of waste management systems. They include availability, downtimes, number of failures, and cost. Evaluation of these measures is important for optimal decision making. The system design should both maximise the system performance leading to cleaner processing and minimise the overall cost within the allowable constraints. The effectiveness of this methodology is demonstrated through a case study.     

The Environmental Performance Strategy Map: an integrated LCA approach to support the strategic decision-making process

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a well-known tool for analyzing environmental impacts on a wide perspective with reference to a product system and the related environmental and economic impacts. The need for a novel approach that complements environmental and financial considerations is addressed in this study with the introduction of a new graphical representation: the Environmental Performance Strategy Map. This graphical map allows one to combine the main environmental indicators (footprints) with the additional dimension of cost. The paper defines the Sustainable Environmental Performance Indicator as a single measure for sustainability of a given option. Comparison of different options for strategic decision-making purposes can be enhanced and facilitated by the use of this indicator.     

Bioconcentration potential and contamination with mercury of pantropical mushroom Macrocybe gigantea

The mushroom Macrocybe gigantea collected from the native stands in the Yunnan Province of China can be considered a species that efficiently bioconcentrates mercury (Hg) because the values of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) calculated for this element were well above unity, i.e., for caps, the BCF ranged from 4.8 to 24 and, for stipes, from 3.6 to 18. The Hg content of the composite samples of caps of the fruit bodies collected in the wild ranged from 0.48 to 1.78 mg kg^?1 dry matter and of stipes from 0.36 to 1.70 mg kg^?1 dry matter, whereas 0.37 and 0.25 mg kg^?1 dry matter were observed for farmed specimens. M. gigantea, because of a large biomass of the fruit bodies that emerge in a cluster, is an important food item in Yunnan, but knowledge on mineral composition and content of this species is largely absent. This study estimated the lifetime average daily dose intake of Hg through mushroom as well as the incremental lifetime cancer risk and non-cancer health hazard to consumers of this mushroom.     

便携式ＧＣ-ＭＳ测定空气中有毒物质的应用

文章介绍了便携式气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer,GC-MS)的结构原理,结合应急监测的需要,说明了仪器性能参数与分析操作模式,探讨了标准曲线的建立与验证。通过仪器的实际应用,指出该仪器能够解决应急监测中目前存在的对有机污染物难以快速定性、定量的问题。利用捕集浓缩器富集待测定空气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs),可迅速判断出气体样品中的挥发性有机化合物组分,给出定量测定结果。并根据日常使用情况,总结了便携式GC-MS性能特点。     

大连市南部地区冬季气态总汞浓度特征研究

利用RA-915AM汞监测仪对大连市南部地区冬季环境空气中的气态总汞进行连续监测,研究了该地区气态总汞的污染现状、日变化特征以及与空气质量指数(AQI)和气象参数的关系。结果显示,采样期间气态总汞浓度日均值变化范围为2.1~7.1 ng/m3。气态总汞浓度与AQI具有几乎一致的变化趋势。气态总汞浓度从早晨7:00左右开始逐渐减小,中午时达到最小值,之后又逐渐增大。夜间浓度高于昼间,属于夜间控制型。气态总汞与风速呈显著负相关性,与相对湿度呈显著正相关性,与温度无相关性。     

富营养化饮用水源地山仔水库限制性营养元素研究

世界范围内关于水体富营养化的研究表明,流域尺度上营养盐的控制和削减是修复富营养化水体的关键措施,甄别水体限制性营养元素进而采取相应的控制措施是修复富营养化水体的有效途径.本文在时空格局上分析了富营养化饮用水源地山仔水库的限制性营养元素.结果表明,2003—2012年,山仔水库初级生产力的关键限制性营养元素为磷.秋、冬、春季,水体总磷浓度在0.02~0.09 mg·L-1左右,TN/TP原子比值在35~72之间,表明TP浓度相对低,磷为限制性营养元素;夏季表层水TP浓度在0.06~0.13 mg·L-1左右,TN/TP原子比值在11~13之间,表层水溶解性磷的浓度较低,磷主要蓄积在藻细胞内,由于温跃层的存在,底层释放的磷无法向表层水补给,故溶解态磷相对缺乏.总之季节变化对磷的限制性作用有显著影响.通过对山仔水库2003—2012年水体TP浓度和叶绿素a浓度相关性分析得出,修复水体需要控制的TP浓度阈值为0.028 mg·L-1.根据上述结果综合分析了已采取修复措施的效果,从而进一步提出了山仔水库富营养化的修复策略.     

添加协效剂的灵石煤自燃阻化剂的研究

为了防止煤的自燃,采用双氧水氧化升温实验,对灵石肥煤在不同阻化剂下的阻化效果进行了研究。利用阻化时间变化率判定阻化效果。结果表明,添加氧化铝厂赤泥作为协效物质的协效阻化剂有效抑制了煤样的氧化升温,提高了阻化效果,阻化时间变化率达50.78%,为灵石肥煤最佳新型协效阻化剂。新型阻化剂原料廉价易得、反应条件温和、制备过程简单、环境友好,且实现了尾矿废渣的综合利用。     

不同粒径矿化垃圾对大麦生长发育和斑马鱼胚胎毒性效应研究

将太原东山新沟垃圾填埋场矿化垃圾筛分为900~300μm、300~150μm、150~105μm、105~90μm和90~0μm共5个不同粒径范围,制备浸出液。在分析不同粒径矿化垃圾浸出液的理化指标基础上,研究了矿化垃圾浸出液对大麦和斑马鱼胚胎生长发育的影响。结果显示,矿化垃圾浸出液p H值随粒径的减小而减小,电导率、CODCr、全盐量和总氮则随粒径的减小而增大。矿化垃圾浸出液对大麦的萌发、根长和芽长均表现出抑制作用,且抑制作用随粒径的减小而显著增加,90~0μm抑制作用最强,具体表现为染毒1 d、2 d和3 d后,大麦种子处理组萌发率为对照组的39.74%、56.38%和59.81%;染毒3 d、5 d和7 d后,根长分别为对照组的57.08%、48.33%和41.66%;芽长分别为对照组的66.60%、64.79%和61.65%。斑马鱼胚胎暴露于不同粒径的矿化垃圾浸出液中,胚胎生长发育的毒害作用与粒径大小呈现明显负相关关系,即在最小粒径90~0μm处理后,卵凝结、血循环异常、孵化率、心包水肿及脊柱畸形影响作用达到最大,这5个指标值分别为40.28%、50.00%、51.39%、31.94%和29.17%。以上研究表明,矿化垃圾浸出液对大麦和斑马鱼胚胎生长发育的毒性效应与矿化垃圾粒径分布显著相关,小粒径矿化垃圾(90~0μm)的生态毒性效应最大。     

陕西秦岭南麓316国道沿线地质灾害防治对策研究

穿越于秦岭南麓汉台区北部中低山区的316国道沿线地质环境条件复杂,地质灾害类型多样。每年汛期地质灾害频发,数百至数万方的危岩体常将路面掩埋,少则堵塞交通数小时,多则数天,过往车辆及行人的财产受到严重威胁。由于316国道为我国南北运输的重要通道,社会影响较大。为此,该文在汉台区1:50 000地质灾害详细调查项目的基础上,将316国道作为重点地段进行专题研究,分析316国道沿线地质灾害的类型、发育特征、成因,并提出了相应的防治对策。调查分析认为316国道沿线地质灾害类型主要为崩塌、滑坡和泥石流;孕育地质灾害发育的不稳定边坡坡型、坡向、坡高、宽度和厚度等决定地质灾害的发育特征;降雨和人类工程活动是地质灾害的主要诱发因素。最后,提出了以监测预警和卸荷减载、铺设柔性防护网、设置抗滑桩等为主的防治对策,为汉中市国土资源局汉台分局等相关部门地质灾害的防范提供决策与依据,也为公路沿线地质灾害的防治提供技术支撑。