多介质过滤-超滤-反渗透法深度处理废水的工艺改进

针对某厂多介质过滤-超滤-反渗透(MMF-UF-RO)废水深度处理工艺发生污堵的问题, 采用在MMF装置前加入NaOH混凝沉淀的改进工艺代替加入聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂的原工艺.模拟原工艺水样的初始UF膜通量较低,过滤后UF膜通量下降35%左右;模拟改进工艺水样的初始UF膜通量较高,且UF膜通量基本无变化.改进工艺UF装置出水中除SiO_2外,其他物质的质量浓度远小于原工艺UF装置出水,可有效改善RO装置的进水水质.改进工艺的MMF和UF的运行稳定性均明显优于原工艺.     

污泥淤砂分离器再分离溢流污泥

研究了污泥淤砂分离器对分离原污泥所得的溢流污泥进行再分离时,分离器的分离效果和分离分流污泥的性质。实验结果表明,污泥淤砂分离器对溢流污泥进行再分离时,分离器的除砂效率为34.5%,分离度为1.60,与分离原污泥时相比,分离器的分离性能降低;分离得到的溢流污泥MLVSS/MLSS比值为0.406,仅比进料污泥增加了2.2%,未能进一步提高溢流污泥MLVSS/MLSS比值;分离得到的底流污泥浓度MLSS为16.81 g/L,仅为原污泥浓度的1.4倍,底流污泥SVI、CST分别为45.7 mL/g和1.37 s·L/g SS,与原污泥相比仅分别减小了9.3%和2.7%,溢流污泥再分离,会降低底流污泥的浓缩效果,降低底流污泥沉降性能、脱水性能的提高幅度,不利于底流污泥的处理处置。     

排口比对污泥淤砂分离器分离效能的影响

污泥淤砂分离器是一种能够使活性污泥中污泥有机质与淤砂分离的设备。为了实现污泥淤砂分离器的结构优化,重点探讨了污泥淤砂分离器最重要的结构参数-排口比K(底流口直径Du与溢流口直径Do之比)对污泥淤砂分离器分离效能的影响。实验结果表明,在排口比从0.32增加到1.0的过程中,分离器处理能力Qi基本保持不变,分流比S、分离效率η和底流污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)分别从0.084、24.7%和0.21增加到0.338、41.1%和0.33.4;污泥有机质富集率FMLVSS和淤砂富集率FMLISS分别从1.95和1.35减小到1.22和1.12。富集除砂所需要的K和分离器获得较高的除砂效率η时所需K不一致。污泥淤砂分离器排口比K设计为0.4~0.6时,能够获得较高的分离效率,并实现淤砂的富集排放。     

海藻酸钠-刺槐豆胶复合凝胶珠吸附孔雀绿简

以刺槐豆胶、海藻酸钠为材料制备复合凝胶珠,利用红外光谱、热重分析对其进行表征,探讨孔雀绿浓度、吸附时间及pH对复合凝胶珠吸附孔雀绿的影响。红外光谱和热重分析表明,复合凝胶珠制备成功且热稳定性介于刺槐豆胶和海藻酸钠之间。复合凝胶珠对孔雀绿的吸附在5 h后达到平衡,pH=6为最佳吸附pH,相同条件下复合凝胶珠对孔雀绿的吸附作用优于活性炭,其对孔雀绿的吸附行为符合Freundlich吸附等温方程和颗粒内扩散模型。海藻酸钠-刺槐豆胶复合凝胶珠有望成为新的处理印染废水的吸附剂。     

典型饮用水源地非点源污染的分布式模拟——以滁州市城西水库为例

城西水库（现改名西涧湖）是滁州市唯一地表水源,非点源污染已成为其水质污染的重要原因。基于土地覆被格局,依据非点源污染物质的产生、截留、汇流过程,构建了模拟每个栅格上污染物质向受纳水体的输出贡献量和被各种土地覆被截留量的物理过程模型。以磷素为例,对城西水库流域进行模拟。结果表明： 2000和2010年,流域向城西水库输出总磷量分别达到2 58038和2 46120 kg。库体西北部的市农科所、城郊居委会、水产研究所等地对水质危害最大。多数磷素在向库体的运移过程中被各类土地覆被有效的截留,总量在2000和2010年分别达到5 77449和5 42236 kg,占流域磷素总负荷的691%和68 8%。由于目前土地覆被布局的不尽合理,林地和草地对磷素的截留能力未能充分发挥。建议在流域水文敏感区布设林草缓冲带,将有效减少水库磷素的接纳量     

固定化生物活性炭处理低浓度甲醇废水

将分离筛选得到的甲醇降解菌固定在颗粒活性炭上,组成固定化生物活性炭反应系统,研究该反应系统处理轻度污染含甲醇废水的最佳运行条件和运行效果,结果表明,固定化生物活性炭处理轻度污染含甲醇放心水的方法明显好于3种树脂和单纯活性炭吸附处理,反应系统的最佳运行条件是水力负荷0．84－0．77m^3(m^2.h）,停留时间57－62min,pH7－8,温度20℃－30℃,溶解氧是去除甲醇的主要限制因子,甲醇含量为11．3－23．1mg／L时,去除率大90％,出水CODcr小于12mg／L。此外还研究了生物活性炭生物膜的一些特点,并分析了运行中活性炭吸附性能的变化。     

Contaminants-Induced Oxidative Damage on the Carp Cyprinus carpio Collected from the Upper Yellow River, China

The Yellow River, the second largest river in China, is the most important resource of water supply in North China. In the last 40 years, even in the upper Yellow River, with the development of industry and agriculture, more and more contaminants have been discharged into this river and greatly polluted the water. Although a routine chemical component analysis has been performed, little is known about the real toxic effects of the polluted water on organisms at environmental level. To explore whether the pollutants induced oxidative stress and damage to aquatic organisms, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in hepatopancreas, kidney and intestine of the field-collected carp Cyprinus carpio from a mixed polluted (Lanzhou Region, LZR) and a relatively unpolluted (Liujiaxia Region, LJXR) sites of the upper Yellow River were measured. The results showed that when the values of LZR compared with those of LJXR, SOD and GST activities increased and GPx activity decreased significantly in all the three organs (P < 0.05–0.01); CAT activity decreased but MDA level increased significantly (P < 0.05–0.01) only in kidney and intestine. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the pollutants can induce obvious oxidative damage in the carp, and the SOD, GST and GPx might be better indicators for the oxidative damage in aquatic organisms.     

量子点对秀丽隐杆线虫的毒性效应及其调控机制的研究进展

量子点(quantum dots,QD)作为一种纳米微晶体,由于其出色的光学特性,已经被广泛应用于电子、生物医学成像、生物传感器和药物递送中,因而量子点的生物安全性也变得至关重要.秀丽隐杆线虫作为一种简单的生物模型,生物学基础完善、生命周期短、繁殖量大、生活特征易获得,不仅可以提供全动物水平的生理相关数据,还允许在单细...     

Nitrate and ammonium ions removal from groundwater by a hybrid system of zero-valent iron combined with adsorbents

Nitrate (NO(3)(-)) is a commonly found contaminant in groundwater and surface water. It has created a major water quality problem worldwide. The laboratory batch experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of HCl-treated zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) combined with different adsorbents as hybrid systems for simultaneous removal of nitrate (NO(3)(-)) and ammonium (NH(4)(+)) ions from aqueous solution. The maximum NO(3)(-) removal in combined Fe(0)-granular activated carbon (GAC), Fe(0)-filtralite and Fe(0)-sepiolite systems was 86, 96 and 99%, respectively, at 45 °C for 24 h reaction time. The NO(3)(-) removal rate increased with the increase in initial NO(3)(-) concentration. The NO(3)(-) removal efficiency by hybrid systems was in the order of sepiolite > filtralite > GAC. The NH(4)(+) produced during the denitrification process by Fe(0) was successfully removed by the adsorbents, with the removal efficiency in the order of GAC > sepiolite > filtralite. Results of the present study suggest that the use of a hybrid system could be a promising technology for achieving simultaneous removal of NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) ions from aqueous solution.     

Concentrations of microcystins in tissues of several fish species from freshwater reservoirs and ponds

The aim of this study is to summarise the determination of concentrations of microcystins (MCs) in muscle and liver of freshwater fish species caught in stagnant waters of the Czech Republic. Within the years 2007–2009, 351 muscle samples and 291 liver samples of 16 freshwater fish species derived from four fishponds, and four water reservoirs were analysed. MCs were detected in 53 liver samples. The highest concentrations of microcystins were determined in liver samples of carnivorous fish species; 50.3 ng/g of fresh weight (FW) in perch (Perca fluviatilis) and 22.7 ng/g FW in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca). MCs in liver were detected in other five fish species; asp (Aspius aspius), pike (Esox lucius), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Concentrations of MCs in liver of nine fish species (European bream, whitefish, tench, silver carp, European catfish, roach, chub, crucian carp and rudd) were below the detection limit of 1.2–5.4 ng/g FW for different MC congeners. However, the concentrations of MCs in all muscle samples were below the detection limit. The assessment of MCs concentrations might be influenced by the detection method used. Due to the concentrations of MCs being below the detection limit in muscle samples of all fish species analysed, it seems that there might be a low potential threat for human health in case of fish muscle consumption.