Historical trends of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in sediments buried in a reservoir in Northern Taiwan

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations were analyzed at 1-2cm intervals in a sediment core collected from a reservoir in Northern Taiwan to evaluate the organic pollution history. The highest PCDD/F (14.4ng TEQ/kg d.w.) and PCB (0.261ng TEQ(WHO)/kg d.w.) concentrations were determined at 13-15cm (estimated year: 1992). The ages of the levels of sediment core were estimated from the sedimentation rate. Analysis results demonstrate that the PCDD/F concentration of the sediment core measured in the reservoir reached their peak when the municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) in the area started to operate. Furthermore, the decrease in sediment core PCDD/F concentration is related to the time of enforcement of the PCDD/F emission limit set by the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) in Taiwan. Significant distribution of OCDD in homologue profiles was noted in archived soil samples in Taiwan in which the major input of PCDD/Fs was thought to be atmospheric. Major PCB congeners found in the sediment core were the major components of the commercial PCB products. Input fluxes of PCDD/Fs (5.75-158ng-I-TEQ/m(2)-yr) and PCBs (0.248-3.71ng TEQ(WHO)/m(2)yr) into the reservoir of interest are also calculated from the concentration and sedimentation rate of the sediment. The results reveal that considerable amounts of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were carried into the reservoir of interest in the flood stage but not during normal stage.     

超声与碱耦合作用破解剩余污泥的效能分析

超声与碱耦合方法破解污泥,可破坏污泥絮体结构,使污泥胞内外物质进入水相.本试验采用超声与碱耦合方法破解剩余污泥,研究污泥破解过程前后SCOD、pH值以及氨氮的变化.经超声与碱耦合预处理后,污泥上清液SCOD有大幅度提高.当加碱调节污泥pH为12,超声破解30 min后,污泥溶液SCOD溶出率从3.96%增加到27.88%.加碱后污泥经超声破解,其pH值有所下降,污泥溶液氨氮值会有所增加,但变化幅度不大.污泥温度随破解时间的延长而明显提高,这有利于后续污泥厌氧消化.     

螺旋式热源PCC能量桩桩身变形数值模拟研究

采用多场耦合软件,建立了螺旋式热源PCC能量桩数值分析模型,分析了温度、荷载、热源匝数、桩长、混凝土密度及混凝土弹性模量等因素对能量桩桩身应变分布的影响。研究结果表明:在无热源情况下,PCC能量桩桩身应变随着桩顶荷载的增大而增大,沿着桩身自上而下逐渐减小;热源的存在会导致桩身应变由正变负,说明了温度因素的主导性;桩身应变会随热源温度的升高而减小,在同一热源温度下相同位置处桩身应变均随着桩顶荷载的增加而增加;设定在热源温度50.5 ℃和桩端顶面40 kN荷载条件下,热源匝数数量的减少会导致桩身应变的增大;桩身应变随着桩长的不断减小而减小;混凝土密度的减小使得桩身应变不断减小;混凝土弹性模量减小导致桩身应变的增大。     

聚丙烯酰胺在盐碱土壤中的吸附与迁移

采用静态吸附法研究了聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）在大庆市盐碱土中的吸附行为,并通过室内土柱实验研究了PAM在盐碱土中的自然迁移和模拟降雨情况下的迁移行为。实验结果表明,随吸附时间延长、液固比增大,PAM在盐碱土中的吸附量逐渐增大。PAM在盐碱土中的饱和吸附条件为液固比25,平衡吸附时间8h,在此条件下得出的PAM在盐碱土中的吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,饱和吸附量为0．81mg/g.PAM在盐碱土中的迁移规律为：沿地表随盐碱土深度增加,PAM的含量减少。PAM溶液淋滤量越大,迁移深度越深,各层土壤中PAM的含量也相应增加。降雨迫使PAM沿地表向下多迁移1cm,迁移深度在5—6cm。盐碱土对PAM的截留能力较强,意外泄漏的PAM主要集中在地表下3cm以内处,占总淋滤量的86．1％～99．9％。PAM在大庆市盐碱土中的迁移深度不超过10cm。     

Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对四环素超声降解性能的影响

通过紫外分光光度法,研究了Cd2+和Pb2+对四环素超声降解过程的影响。研究结果表明,Cd2+和Pb2+在水中与四环素发生络合反应后,在紫外光谱上发生蓝移,在206 nm处产生新的峰值。同时,在低摩尔比(四环素∶重金属1)时,Cd2+和Pb2+可以加快四环素的超声降解。0.01 mmol/L四环素溶液24 h的超声降解率为7.54%,加入Pb2+和Cd2+离子后,四环素去除率分别升高至20.82%和18.75%。在高摩尔比(四环素∶重金属2)时,Cd2+和Pb2+抑制了四环素的降解,在0.08 mmol/L四环素溶液中,加入Pb2+和Cd2+离子反而使四环素去除率从4.69%分别降低至2.04%和1.40%。     

Estimating health damage cost from secondary sulfate particles--a case study of Hunan Province, China

IntroductionChina’senergyusepattern ,characterizedbyadominatingrelianceoncoal,hasledtosevereSO2pollutionandresultinghealthdamage .Withconsumptionsoffossilfuelsstilltogrow ,totalhealthdamageisanticipatedtoincrease ,whichwillbeagreatchallengetoChina.Thischallengerequirescomprehensivehealthimpactassessmenttoguideenvironmentalpolicyandreorientpublicopinioninfavorofeffectivepreventiveaction .Generally,the“ImpactPathwayApproach”(Krewit,1 999;Thanh ,2 0 0 0 ) ,whichlinkstheemissiontoconcentrat…     

Field measurements of dissociation of ammonium nitrate at a Beijing site

The atmospheric nitric acid, ammonia and ammonium nitrate aerosol was determined simultaneously in a Beijing site to teste quilibrium. Rather good agreement between measurements and theory was found at ambient temperature above 9oC at relative humidity below 70%. Below 9oC the kinetic constraints preventing rapid attainment equilibrium were observed. A procedure for calculation of dependence of NH4NO3 aerosol dissociation constants on temperature and relative humidity was given. The seasonal variation of concentration of NH3, total NH4+ and HNO3 was observed.The seasonal variation of concentration of HNO3 was caused by dissociation of aerosol of NH4NO3. The concentrations of NH3 were 1-2 order higher than those of HNO3. For formation of NH4NO3 aerosol the HNO3 was the control reagent. Any increase of HNO3 to formed from NOx would react with NH3 form NH4NO3 aerosol in Beijing area except for someday in summer time.     

Urban environmental problems transition and environmental education towards sustainable cities in China

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我国电子废弃物收集体系构想

解决中国电子废弃物问题，一是控制电子废弃物进入非正式循环利用者手中；二是把非正式循环利用系统纳入良好的电子废弃物管理系统，使之成为更有效和对环境友好的系统。因此，如何把千家万户废弃的电子废弃物有效收集起来，是关系到电子废弃物管理和循环利用的重要环节。在我国建立良好的电子废弃物收集体系，应以市场经济和目前我国“城乡二元经济”为基础，建立具有收集主体多元化、收集方式多样化，收集途径多渠道等特点的电子废弃物收集体系。