海洋放射性污染生态风险评价研究进展

近年来,随着我国核电事业迅猛发展,海洋放射性污染的风险激增,放射物质的事故性污染将成为海洋环境一个重要问题。目前,海洋环境放射性污染风险评估的研究仍然较为薄弱,开展海洋放射性污染生态风险评价有助于了解事故对海洋生态的危害程度,为海洋与海岸带环境管理提供科学决策依据,维护海洋生态系统的健康与安全。梳理总结当前国内外海洋放射性污染生态风险评价的相关研究进展,结果表明:目前国内外对海洋放射性污染生态风险评价尚未做出科学的定义;现有海洋放射性污染生态风险评价的技术路线大体可归纳为基于经典风险评估框架和基于迭代的生态风险评价框架2种类型;ERICA Tool模型以及RESRAD-BIOTA模型是目前放射性风险评价中应用最多的方法 ,但存在海洋放射性污染标准限值少的问题;现有的研究主要集中于评估事故中后期均衡条件下的长期慢性暴露评价,对事故初期的高剂量、短期急性暴露的风险影响研究较少;我国海洋放射性污染的生态风险评价与环境影响评价的概念混淆,至今没有明确的海洋放射性污染生态风险评价的概念及技术框架。     

Transport and fate of organochlorine pesticides in the River Wuchuan,southeast China

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as chlorinated pesticides are of global concern due to their widespread occurrence, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity to animals and human. This paper summarises recent research on 18 chlorinated pesticides in an important catchment in China, by determining their concentrations and behaviour in water, sediment, soil and plants. The concentrations of the total pesticides were in the ranges 187-893 ng l(-1) in river water, 8.53-210 ng g(-1) dry weight in soil, 2.66-13.45 ng g(-1) dry weight in river sediment, and 651-2823 ng g(-1) dry weight in plants. The predominance of beta-HCH as the major isomer of HCHs in all water, soil, sediment and plant samples was clearly observed, due to beta-HCH's resistance to biodegradation. On average beta-HCH accounted for 44%, 53%, 50%, and 46% of the total HCH concentration in water, soil, sediment and plant, respectively. Of the DDTs, DDE accounted for 48%, 43%, 53%, 55% of the total DDT, which suggested that DDT had been transformed to its metabolites, DDE and DDD, of which DDE was the more stable. The chlorinated pesticide levels in the River Wuchuan were generally below the guideline values in China, but some sites displayed levels in excess of EC Environmental Quality Standards for HCHs and DDTs. The results therefore provide important information on the current contamination status of a key agricultural watershed in China, and point to the need for urgent actions to evaluate the long-term fate and toxicity of such persistent compounds and an appropriate remediation strategy.     

大连市秋冬季环境空气中VOCs特征及臭氧生成潜势分析

对大连市2015年秋冬季环境空气中VOCs进行采样分析,获得其组成、含量、昼夜和季节变化规律,分析不同类别VOCs的来源,并计算不同VOCs物种的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)。结果表明:大连市环境空气中秋季VOCs平均体积浓度(55.81×10^-9)略高于冬季(42.66×10^-9);秋季VOCs以羰基化合物和烷烃为主,而冬季VOCs以烷烃和烯炔烃为主。大连环境空气中光化学反应的主要VOCs类别为羰基化合物、烯炔烃和芳香烃,主要物种为丙烷、乙烷、正丁烷和乙烯。羰基化合物含量高与机动车尾气及医院大量试剂的使用有关,烷烃主要来源于汽油车与液化石油气(LPG)燃烧排放,芳香烃主要由机动车排放贡献。各类别VOCs的组分含量与其OFP并不一致,大连市环境空气中各类VOCs的OFP由高到低依次为羰基化合物>芳香烃>烯炔烃>烷烃。     

河床原位修复对城市河流微生物群落的影响

采用分子生物学检测方法对实施了河床原位修复的河段进行全面的微生物群落分析。结果表明:河床生态修复后微生物群落结构及多样性发生了明显的变化。从微生物多样性指数来看,河床修复段的下游大于上游;从微生物群落结构来看,上游断面中ε-变形菌纲为最主要的细菌类型,多为致病病原菌,与该采样点周边人口密集而水质 经其他处理有关。经河床原位修复后,下游断面ε-变形菌纲丰度减少,α-变形菌纲和β-变形菌纲成为最优势的类群,其他细菌比例也相对均衡,NH₃-N和其他理化指标有所好转,说明微生物载体原位修复措施对城市景观河流黑臭的改善有一定的效果。     

Water quality monitoring in a slightly-polluted inland water body through remote sensing — Case study of the Guanting Reservoir in Beijing, China

This study focused on the water quality of the Guanting Reservoir, a possible auxiliary drinking water source for Beijing. Through a remote sensing (RS) approach and using Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data, water quality retrieval models were established and analyzed for eight common water quality variables, including algae content, turbidity, and concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, and dissolved phosphorus. The results show that there exists a statistically significant correlation between each water quality variable and remote sensing data in a slightly-polluted inland water body with fairly weak spectral radiation. With an appropriate method of sampling pixel digital numbers and multiple regression algorithms, retrieval of the algae content, turbidity, and nitrate nitrogen concentration was achieved within 10% mean relative error, concentrations of total nitrogen and dissolved phosphorus within 20%, and concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus within 30%. On the other hand, no effective retrieval method for chemical oxygen demand was found. These accuracies were acceptable for the practical application of routine monitoring and early warning on water quality safety with the support of precise traditional monitoring. The results show that performing the most traditional routine monitoring of water quality by RS in relatively clean inland water bodies is possible and effective.     

丛枝菌根在草原生态系统碳固持中的重要作用

草地生态系统在全球碳循环中作用重大,而丛枝菌根广泛存在于草原生态系统中,对碳固持有着重要作用.目前菌根碳固持研究的特点表现为研究对象进一步扩大、丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,简称AMF)的功能逐渐定性量化、研究转变为植物-微生物-土壤三维立体等,向大背景、多理论和模型化方向发展.总结丛枝菌根在草原碳固持中的作用机制,主要包括以下五个方面:1)丛枝菌根是生态系统的一个重要组成部分;2)AMF淀积了植物光合产物一定数量的碳,是土壤中一个不容忽视的碳库;3)AMF能促进土壤团聚体的形成,改善土壤结构,增加土壤碳固持;4)AMF产生的球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白是土壤中一个重要碳库;5)AMF提高了草原生态系统的初级生产力和物种多样性,间接增加了生物碳固持,巩固了土壤碳库的碳储存.由于AMF对于调控碳循环具有不可替代的作用,因此全球气候变化下AMF的碳固持潜力研究、草地生态系统中不同AMF的量和菌丝在土壤结构中的功能及菌丝网在生态系统碳固持中的作用必将成为重点热点研究.     

Estimating national-scale ground-level PM25 concentration in China using geographically weighted regression based on MODIS and MISR AOD

Taking advantage of the continuous spatial coverage, satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) products have been widely used to assess the spatial and temporal characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the ground and their effects on human health. However, the national-scale ground-level PM2.5 estimation is still very limited because the lack of ground PM2.5 measurements to calibrate the model in China. In this study, a national-scale geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was developed to estimate ground-level PM2.5 concentration based on satellite AODs, newly released national-wide hourly PM2.5 concentrations, and meteorological parameters. The results showed good agreements between satellite-retrieved and ground-observed PM2.5 concentration at 943 stations in China. The overall cross-validation (CV) R ² is 0.76 and root mean squared prediction error (RMSE) is 22.26 μg/m³ for MODIS-derived AOD. The MISR-derived AOD also exhibits comparable performance with a CV R ² and RMSE are 0.81 and 27.46 μg/m³, respectively. Annual PM2.5 concentrations retrieved either by MODIS or MISR AOD indicated that most of the residential community areas exceeded the new annual Chinese PM2.5 National Standard level 2. These results suggest that this approach is useful for estimating large-scale ground-level PM2.5 distributions especially for the regions without PMs monitoring sites.     

炉渣与生物炭配施对福州平原稻田土壤团聚体及碳、氮分布的影响

土壤水稳性团聚体及土壤碳、氮含量是影响土壤肥力的关键因素.以福州平原稻田为研究区,在早稻和晚稻生长季,对对照、炉渣、生物炭和炉渣与生物炭配施处理下耕层和犁底层土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性,包括0.25 mm团聚体含量(DR0.25)、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)及土壤碳、氮含量进行了测定和分析.研究结果表明:早稻和晚稻不同土层,对照、炉渣、生物炭和配施4种处理团聚体均以0.25 mm粒级为主;0.25 mm水稳定性大团聚体数量随深度增加而增加,土壤团聚体的稳定性随土层加深而增强;早稻组中,生物炭施加后MWD、GMD和DR0.25较对照组分别减少了20.08%、15.12%和21.87%,D值增加了3.67%,炉渣和配施后差异不显著(p0.05);晚稻组中,生物炭施加后MWD、GMD和DR0.25较对照组分别增加了23.00%、13.82%和16.75%,配施后MWD、GMD和DR0.25较对照组分别增加了16.77%、9.80%和15.37%,D值分别减少了3.75%和2.59%,炉渣施加后差异不显著(p0.05);炉渣、生物炭和配施3种处理都显著增加了早稻耕层和晚稻耕层土壤的碳含量,生物炭和配施处理都显著增加了早稻耕层和晚稻耕层土壤的氮含量(p0.05),3种处理都显著增大了早稻耕层土壤C/N比(p0.05),同时,土壤不同粒级团聚体碳、氮含量百分比主要集中在0.25 mm粒级大团聚体.     

稻田耕层土壤黑碳分布特征及影响因素

为探究我国稻田土壤黑碳含量分布特征及其影响因素,本研究采用苯多羧酸法(Benzene polycarboxylic acid,BPCA)对稻田耕层土壤黑碳(Black carbon,BC)含量及稳定性进行测定与分析,以完善国内农田土壤黑碳研究,并为农业可持续发展提供理论依据.结果表明:(1)黑碳含量为(0.70±0.08)~(4.57±1.63)g·kg-1,平均值为(1.63±0.18)g·kg-1;黑碳储量为(1.55±0.18)~(6.18±2.39)t·h m-2,平均值为(2.71±0.27)t·hm-2.(2)黑碳含量排序:西南区东北区华南区华东区华北区西北区,黑碳储量排序:西南区东北区华北区华南区华东区西北区.(3)在苯多羧酸含量特征方面,西南区表现为苯四甲酸(∑tetracarboxylic acids,B4CAs)苯六甲酸(mellitic acid,B6CA)苯五甲酸(benzenepentacarboxylic acid,B5CA)苯三甲酸(∑tricarboxylic acids,B3CAs),华北区表现为B6CAB4CAsB5CAB3CAs,其它耕作区表现为B6CAB5CAB4CAsB3CAs.B5CA/B6CA、B6CA/B4CAs分别为(0.73±0.06)~(0.98±0.18)、(1.07±0.14)~(1.38±0.10),平均值分别为(0.92±0.02)、(1.23±0.03).研究发现,稻田土壤黑碳分布特征是人为因素、黑碳结构特性及环境因素等综合作用的结果.土壤黑碳主要来自稻田作物燃烧,并且黑碳含量与pH及容重间的相关性不显著,而与土壤有机碳、黏粒呈显著正相关.