我国中部六省CO2排放动态变化趋势

探讨区域CO₂排放的长期变化趋势对制订碳减排政策和实现减排目标具有重要意义,为此,根据IPCC指南,测算了2000—2012年我国中部六省(安徽省、山西省、河南省、湖北省、湖南省和江西省)的CO₂排放量及其排放强度;借助DEA(data envelopment analysis)-Malmquist指数模型,从CO₂排放量、生产总值、资本存量、能源消费总量和劳动力5个方面,对中部六省的动态CO₂排放效率进行了全要素分析.结果表明:①中部六省的CO₂排放总量由2000年的6.74×108 t升至2012年的20.24×108 t,年均增长1.12×108 t.②中部六省CO₂排放强度由2000年的3.41降至2012年的1.74,年均下降5.5%.受地区能源产业结构的影响,山西省CO₂排放强度峰值高达11.40,减排压力与其余五省相比更为艰巨.③动态CO₂排放效率均值为1.054,呈稳步提升趋势,技术效率进步指数年均值为1.051(>1),对CO₂排放效率提升起到了拉动作用,而技术效率变动指数和规模效率指数的年均值均为0.999(<1),拉低了中部六省的CO₂排放效率.研究显示,中部六省CO₂排放量增速虽呈逐年下降趋势,但增长态势在短期内仍无法改变.CO₂排放与地区所处经济发展阶段关系密切,其排放效率的提升主要依靠技术水平的进步、低碳管理方法的推广和规模经济的发展.      

人工湿地在天津生态城水系构建中的应用建议研究

人工湿地技术融合基质、植物、微生物及工程构造为一体,通过物理、化学、生物、生态过程的综合作用,可以对低污染水具有良好的净化效果.在总结该技术主要工程形式、应用研究进展及常见问题的基础上,结合天津生态城水环境建设现状,以景观水体水质保持为核心目标,提出了人工湿地系统多途径多层次技术的应用方案,形成以大型人工湿地工程为依托的水系构建总体工程方案,这样就可以为该技术在黑臭水体治理及海绵城市建设领域的广泛应用提供参考依据.     

Fungal diversity in major oil-shale mines in China

As an insufficiently utilized energy resource,oil shale is conducive to the formation of characteristic microbial communities due to its special geological origins.However,little is known about fungal diversity in oil shale.Polymerase chain reaction cloning was used to construct the fungal ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid internal transcribed spacer(r DNA ITS)clone libraries of Huadian Mine in Jilin Province,Maoming Mine in Guangdong Province,and Fushun Mine in Liaoning Province.Pure culture and molecular identification were applied for the isolation of cultivable fungi in fresh oil shale of each mine.Results of clone libraries indicated that each mine had over 50% Ascomycota(58.4%–98.9%)and 1.1%–13.5%unidentified fungi.Fushun Mine and Huadian Mine had 5.9% and 28.1% Basidiomycota,respectively.Huadian Mine showed the highest fungal diversity,followed by Fushun Mine and Maoming Mine.Jaccard indexes showed that the similarities between any two of three fungal communities at the genus level were very low,indicating that fungi in each mine developed independently during the long geological adaptation and formed a community composition fitting the environment.In the fresh oil-shale samples of the three mines,cultivable fungal phyla were consistent with the results of clone libraries.Fifteen genera and several unidentified fungi were identified as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota using pure culture.Penicillium was the only genus found in all three mines.These findings contributed to gaining a clear understanding of current fungal resources in major oil-shale mines in China and provided useful information for relevant studies on isolation of indigenous fungi carrying functional genes from oil shale.     

Comparison of using polyurethane foam passive samplers and tree bark samples from Western China to determine atmospheric organochlorine pesticide

Polyurethane foam(PUF)passive samplers were deployed and tree bark samples were collected at 15 sites across western China in 2013,and the organochlorine pesticide(OCP)concentrations in the samples were determined.Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its degradation products(collectively called DDTs),hexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs),and hexachlorobenzene(HCB)were the dominant OCPs in the PUF samples and tree bark samples.The mean DDTs,HCHs and HCB concentrations were 33,22 and 18 ng/sample in the PUF samples,and 428,74,and 43 ng/(g lipid weight(lw))in the tree bark,respectively.The OCP concentrations in the air,calculated using PUF–air and tree-bark–air partitioning models,were of the same order of magnitude.Both sample types showed that relatively fresh inputs of DDT and HCHs to the environment have occurred in western China.Meanwhile,PUF passive samplers were compared with the use of tree bark samples as passive samplers.The OCP compositions in the PUF and tree bark samples were different.Only the relatively stable OCPs(such as HCB,β-HCH and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloro-ethylene(DDE))were consistent in the PUF and tree bark samples.     

The biological effect of metal ions on the granulation of aerobic granular activated sludge

As a special biofilm structure, microbial attachment is believed to play an important role in the granulation of aerobic granular activated sludge (AGAS). This experiment was to investigate the biological effect of Ca^2 +, Mg^2 +, Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, Zn^2 +, and K⁺ which are the most common ions present in biological wastewater treatment systems, on the microbial attachment of AGAS and flocculent activated sludge (FAS), from which AGAS is always derived, in order to provide a new strategy for the rapid cultivation and stability control of AGAS. The result showed that attachment biomass of AGAS was about 300% higher than that of FAS without the addition of metal ions. Different metal ions had different effects on the process of microbial attachment. FAS and AGAS reacted differently to the metal ions as well, and in fact, AGAS was more sensitive to the metal ions. Specifically, Ca^2 +, Mg^2 +, and K⁺ could increase the microbial attachment ability of both AGAS and FAS under appropriate concentrations, Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, and Zn^2 + were also beneficial to the microbial attachment of FAS at low concentrations, but Cu^2 +, Fe^2 +, and Zn^2 + greatly inhibited the attachment process of AGAS even at extremely low concentrations. In addition, the acylated homoserine lactone (AHL)-based quorum sensing system, the content of extracellular polymeric substances and the relative hydrophobicity of the sludges were greatly influenced by metal ions. As all these parameters had close relationships with the microbial attachment process, the microbial attachment may be affected by changes of these parameters.     

航海雷达溢油信息采集分析模型

首先阐述了航海雷达海杂波图像溢油提取分析的工作原理和国内外研究现状,基于SPx、OpenCV、Matlab等软件技术和HPx航海雷达信号采集卡,提出溢油数据采集分析工作流程和软硬件架构体系,实现航海雷达溢油信息采集分析模型,并结合大连716溢油事件的实际案例进行验证。该模型在保证航海雷达原有导航避碰功能的基础上,进行原始信号转换,同步实现海上溢油监测,为海上溢油监测预警、溢油轨迹回推、溢油应急处置等工作提供数据基础。     

乌梁素海和岱海沉积物有机碳的形态特征

以富营养化类型不同的乌梁素海和岱海为对象,开展湖泊沉积物中有机碳的形态特征研究,对比分析了2个湖泊沉积物有机碳的形态特征及其差异性.结果表明,乌梁素海沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)含量范围为4.50～22.83 g·kg-1,平均11.80g·kg-1;重组碳(HFOC)含量范围为3.38～21.67 g·kg-1,平均1...     

石油污染土壤物化修复前后生物毒性效应

采用作物种子的发芽率作为生态指标对石油污染土壤进行毒性分析,并以蚯蚓为实验生物,研究了石油污染物的生物效应及其对土壤生态系统的影响.结果表明,不同的作物种子对石油污染表现出不同的耐受性,对照清洁土壤,大多数作物种子的萌发都明显受到石油污染的抑制,其中受石油污染影响最严重的是黄豆、蚕豆、玉米.相比之下,在不同石油污染水平下绿豆具有较高的耐受性,且种子发芽率均在90%以上.蚯蚓在受到污染胁迫时,在生理水平上会发生明显的变化,进而影响其存活和生长能力,实验观测到随着石油污染加重蚯蚓存活时间显著下降.在高污染水平石油污染的土壤中(石油污染水平>30 000 mg.kg-1),蚯蚓的耐性降低,仅可以存活5 d左右,说明石油烃对蚯蚓的毒性较大,主要是因为蚯蚓直接与石油接触导致其中毒脱水而死亡.处理后油田污染土,即使在污染水平很低(≈30 mg.kg-1)的情况下,蚯蚓存活时间依然很短(3 d左右),是因为经过石油醚处理过的土壤,其营养物质也随着石油而被处理掉,而土壤中有机质等营养物对蚯蚓的生存具有很大影响.     

区域PTS海洋环境风险评价研究进展

目前,各种环境污染物严重威胁人类健康和生态系统,开展持久性有毒物质(PTS)的环境风险评价已成为当前环境领域的研究热点.本研究从区域尺度着手,简要介绍了在三种海洋介质(水体、沉积物以及生物体)中PTS的环境风险评价方法,包括:常用的风险商值法(如:PEC/PNEC比值法,Hakanson生态风险指数法、毒性效应区间低、...