Estimation of Avian Influenza Viruses in Water Environments of Live Poultry Markets in Changsha,China, 2014 to 2018

Food and Environmental Virology - In routine surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in the environments of live poultry markets (LPMs), certain samples were positive for AIVs type A while...     

Spatial and Seasonal Variation of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) Concentrations in Irish Streams: Importance of Soil and Topography Characteristics

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations have increased in many sites in Europe and North America in recent decades. High DOC concentrations can damage the structure and functions of aquatic ecosystems by influencing water chemistry. This study investigated the spatial and seasonal variation of DOC concentrations in Irish streams across 55 sites at seven time occasions over 1 year (2006/2007). The DOC concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 25.9 mg/L with a mean value of 6.8 and a median value of 5.7 mg/L and varied significantly over the course of the year. The DOC concentrations from late winter (February: 5.2 ± 3.0 mg/L across 55 sites) and early spring (April: 4.5 ± 3.5 mg/L) had significantly lower DOC concentrations than autumn (October: mean 8.3 ± 5.6 mg/L) and early winter (December: 8.3 ± 5.1 mg/L). The DOC production sources (e.g., litterfall) or the accumulation of DOC over dry periods might be the driving factor of seasonal change in Irish stream DOC concentrations. Analysis of data using stepwise multiple linear regression techniques identified the topographic index (TI, an indication of saturation-excess runoff potential) and soil conditions (organic carbon content and soil drainage characteristics) as key factors in controlling DOC spatial variation in different seasons. The TI and soil carbon content (e.g., soil organic carbon; peat occurrence) are positively related to DOC concentrations, while well-drained soils are negatively related to DOC concentrations. The knowledge of spatial and seasonal variation of DOC concentrations in streams and their drivers are essential for optimum riverine water resources management.     

Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the sediments of the East China Sea bays

The coastal area of the East China Sea has experienced rapid urbanization and industrialization in China since 1980 s, resulting in severe pollution of its environments.Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) are regarded as a kind of emerging pollutant with potential high risk. The sediment samples were collected from Hangzhou Bay(HB),Xiangshan Bay(XB), and Taizhou Bay(TB) to investigate the spatial occurrence and distribution of 27 ARGs and class I integron–integrase gene(intI1) in the coastal area of the East China Sea. The PCR results showed the frequent presence of 11 ARGs and intI1 in the sediments of the three bays. The qPCR results further showed that sulfonamide resistance was the most prevalent ARG type and antibiotic target replacement and protection were the most important resistance mechanisms in the sediments. Regarding the subtype of ARGs, sulI, tetW, and dfrA13 were the most abundant ARGs, in which sulI was higher in TB(based on both the absolute and relative abundances) and dfrA13 was higher in HB(based on the relative abundances). The network analysis revealed that intI1 had significant correlations with tetC, sulI, sulII, and blaPSE-1. Oil was the key connected factor, which had positive connections with sulI, sulII, and blaPSE-1. In addition, the joint effect of heavy metals and nutrients organic pollutants might be crucial for the fate of ARGs in the coastal sediments.     

武清地区冬季一次重污染过程垂直分布特征

为研究京津冀地区重污染过程大气污染物的垂直分布特征,于2016年12月13日重污染前（11:49-12:18）和12月18日重污染期间（11:00-11:16）在北京市、天津市、河北省交界处的武清地区利用系留气球开展1 000 m以下的大气观测,探究污染物的垂直分布特征及对流边界层、覆盖逆温层和混合层等要素对重污染形成的影响.结果表明:①在重污染前,大气层结不稳定,ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（NO_x）与ρ（O₃）随高度变化不明显,存在明显的垂直对流运动,有利于大气污染物的扩散;PM_2.5/PM₁₀[ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（PM₁₀）]在800 m以下为0.60~0.80,在800~1 000 m以上大于0.90.②重污染期间,近地面大气层分为对流边界层（距地面0~150 m）、覆盖逆温层（150~370 m）、混合层（370~500 m）和自由大气（500 m以上）4个层次.③NO_x主要在对流边界层内聚积;高空O₃在向近地面扩散时受强混合层阻挡,在混合层出现一个小峰值;PM_2.5不仅在近地面聚积,而且在覆盖逆温层内聚积,ρ（PM_2.5）在覆盖逆温层内呈双峰（峰值分别出现在150和370 m）分布,其粒径集中在0.5~1.0 μm,属于积聚态气溶胶.研究显示,在不利扩散条件下,汽车排放、村镇居民供暖排放的污染物聚积及二次颗粒物的生成是重污染形成的重要因素.      

天津市典型区域PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征

为了解天津市不同区域PM_2.5中水溶性离子污染特征,于2015年7月、10月及2016年1月、4月,在天津市南开区（简称“市区”）及武清区采集PM_2.5样品,结合气象因素、气态污染物研究,分析了样品中水溶性离子污染特征及来源.结果表明:①天津市市区及武清区PM_2.5中水溶性离子组分主要为二次离子（SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+）;不同区域PM_2.5中二次离子各季节占比略有不同,市区为夏季（54.0%）>秋季（42.5%）>春季（41.3%）>冬季（40.7%）,武清区为夏季（53.0%）>春季（44.6%）>秋季（43.4%）>冬季（33.2%）.②冬季市区、武清区PM_2.5中水溶性离子组成差异较大,其他季节水溶性离子组成相似;夏季市区及武清区颗粒物呈酸性,其他季节均呈碱性,冬季武清区颗粒物碱性强于市区.③不同季节市区及武清区PM_2.5中SO₄2-均以（NH₄）₂SO₄形式存在,NO₃-冬季以NH₄NO₃形式存在,其他季节NO₃-主要以NH₄NO₃和HNO₃形式共存;市区Cl-主要以NH₄Cl、KCl和NaCl形式存在,武清区Cl-主要以NH₄Cl、KCl形式存在.④对市区及武清区来说,均相反应和非均相反应是SO₄2-重要生成途径,均相反应是生成NO₃-的主要途径.研究显示,代表一次排放的机动车源、燃煤源和二次无机粒子混合源对天津市PM_2.5中水溶性离子贡献率最高,工业源和扬尘源对市区的影响较大,农业源对武清区的影响较大.      

MODIS MOD16蒸散发产品在中国流域的质量评估

利用地面观测降水数据、流量数据,以及重力卫星(GRACE)观测的与全球陆面数据同化系统(GLDAS)模拟的流域蓄水量变化数据,基于流域水量平衡原理,从年与月两个时间尺度分析了MODIS全球蒸散发产品(MOD16)在中国不同流域的一致性及其时空特征。结果表明:1)年尺度上,MOD16/ET在中国流域(除松花江流域)与基于水量平衡估算的流域实际ET(WBET)相比呈现高估,且在不同集水区高估程度不同,与流域实际ET的差异从北方的松花江流域、黄河流域到南方的长江流域有从小到大的特点;2)月尺度上,MOD16/ET与WBET相比,存在低值区(20 mm/月)高估、高值区(20 mm/月)低估的特点;在蒸散发过程较弱的11月到次年3月,MOD16/ET产品在中国流域存在普遍性高估;而在其他月份,MOD16/ET与WBET的一致性因流域而异;3)MOD16/ET与WBET的一致性在中国不同流域存在地域性差异,总体上在外流区的一致性优于内流区,在北方松花江流域的一致性优于南方的长江流域。     

Synthesis of a novel illite@carbon nanocomposite adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater

A novel illite@carbon (I@C) nanocomposite adsorbent has been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal carbonization process (HTC) using glucose as carbonaceous source and illite as the carrier. The morphology, microstructure and surface properties of the prepared nanocomposite adsorbent were analyzed by FESEM, TGA, XRD, FT-IR and Zeta potential measurements. Batch experiments were carried out on the adsorption of Cr(VI) to determine the adsorption properties of the composite. The adsorption of Cr(VI) onto the I@C nanocomposite was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm. Compared with the illite and carbon material (SC) separately, the prepared I@C nanocomposite adsorbent exhibited enhanced adsorption performance for Cr(VI) with a maximum adsorption capacity of 149.25 mg/g, which was higher than that of most reported adsorbents. In addition, the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic based on the adsorption thermodynamics study. The adsorption of Cr(VI) by I@C was highly pH-dependent and the optimum adsorption occurred at pH 2.0. The Zeta potential analysis results indicated that the electrostatic interactions between anionic Cr(VI) and the positively charged surface of the adsorbent might be critical to the adsorption mechanism. This study demonstrated that the I@C nanocomposite should be a promising candidate for a low-cost, environmental friendly and highly efficient adsorbent for the removal of toxic Cr(VI) from wastewater.     

Purification, characterization and application of dual coagulants containing chitosan and different Al species in coagulation and ultrafiltration process

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different Al species and chitosan (CS) dosages on coagulation performance, floc characteristics (floc sizes, strength and regrowth ability and fractal dimension) and membrane resistance in a coagulation–ultrafiltration hybrid process. Results showed that different Al species combined with humic acid in diverse ways. Al_a had better removal efficiency, as determined by UV₂₅₄ and dissolved organic carbon, which could be further improved by the addition of CS. In addition, the optimal dosage of different Al species was determined to be 4.0 mg/L with the CS concentration of 1.0 mg/L, by orthogonal coagulation experiments. Combining Al_a/Al_b/Al_c with CS resulted in larger flocs, higher recovery, and higher fractal dimension values corresponding to denser flocs; in particular, the floc size at the steady state stage was four times larger than that obtained with Al species coagulants alone. The results of ultrafiltration experiments indicated that the external fouling percentage was significantly higher than that of internal fouling, at around 85% and 15%, respectively. In addition, the total membrane resistance was significantly decreased due to CS addition.     

电离层对短波测向系统的影响分析

目的研究电离层对短波测向系统的影响。方法从电离层传播介质入手,分析路径偏离效应和波干涉效应的形成机理及其对短波测向的影响。结果电离层系统倾斜引起的测向误差可借助电离层长期预测模型、短期预测算法或电离层实时探测数据对测向方位偏差进行补偿。行波扰动不可预测,只能依据行波扰动观测结果进行测向误差校正。波干涉误差可通过时间平滑进行抑制。结论提升现有短波测向系统测向性能的根本途径是为短波测向系统配备电离层探测设备,准确获取系统覆盖区内电离层状态信息,并进行传播效应补偿。     

"十三五"环境保护的网络舆情研究

以百度为数据获取渠道,综合分析了以下几类环境保护网络舆情:(1) 环境保护"十三五"规划的网络舆情分析,包括网民关注热点和网民特征;(2)"十二五"期间,网民对"空气"、"水资源"、"生活垃圾"、"噪声"、"土壤"等问题的总体关注度;(3)"十二五"期间,网民对"空气"、"水资源"、"噪声"、"土壤"四类问题的关注焦点.把握网络舆情发展的规律和趋势,加强引导和管理,将有助于环境保护"十三五"规划的有效实施.