应用加载磁絮凝技术处理垃圾渗滤液试验研究

垃圾渗滤液是一种成分复杂多变的高浓度难处理有机废水。本研究采用加载磁絮凝技术对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,并讨论了适宜的磁载体、凝聚剂和絮凝剂的加入量。     

基于功率法的结构⁃TMD减震控制分析∗

建立了结构-TMD振动方程,推导了无控结构和带TMD受控结构基于功率表达的运动方程,分别解释并给出了各种功率表达参数的物理意义,推导了随机激励下结构耗能功率流均值的随机表达式,对比分析了基于功率法的结构-TMD优化方法与其他优化方法的优化分析结果,并对其减震控制效果进行了对比分析。结果表明,结构-TMD系统的参数可以通过耗能功率流随机分析方法所得均值进行优化,且通过功率法优化后,结构在减震效果上优于其他传统方法得到的结果,从耗能功率均值的随机分析和时程功率分析角度证明了TMD控制的有效性;TMD做功功率为负时对结构有控制效果,起吸收转移能量的作用,且功率幅值越大控制效果越好,做功功率为正时则相反。     

Formation pathways of brominated products from benzophenone-4 chlorination in the presence of bromide ions

The brominated products, formed in chlorination treatment of benzophenone-4 in the presence of bromide ions, were identified, and the formation pathways were proposed.Under disinfection conditions, benzophenone-4 would undertake electrophilic substitution generating mono- or di-halogenated products, which would be oxidized to esters and further hydrolyzed to phenol derivatives. The generated catechol intermediate would be transformed into furan-like heterocyclic product. The product species were p H-dependent,while benzophenone-4 elimination was chlorine dose-dependent. When the chlorination treatment was performed on ambient water spiked with benzophenone-4 and bromide ions, most of brominated byproducts could be detected, and the acute toxicity significantly increased as well.     

Aerobic granules cultivated and operated in continuous-flow bioreactor under particle-size selective pressure

A novel method based on the selective pressure of particle size （particle-size cultivation method, PSCM） was developed for the cultivation and operation of aerobic granular sludge in a continuous-flow reactor, and compared with the conventional method based on the selective pressure of settling velocity （settling-velocity cultivation method, SVCM）. Results indicated that aerobic granules could be cultivated in continuous operation mode by this developed method within 14 days. Although in the granulation process, under particle-size selective pressure, mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） in the reactor fluctuated greatly and filamentous bacteria dominated the sludge system during the initial operation days, no obvious difference in profile was found between the aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM and SVCM. Moreover, aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM presented larger diameter, lower water content and higher specific rates of nitrification, denitrifieation and phosphorus removal, but lower settling velocity. Under long term operation of more than 30 days, aerobic granules in the continuous-flow reactor could remain stable and obtain good chemical oxygen demand （COD）, NH4^＋-N, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） removal. The results indicate that PSCM was dependent on the cultivation and maintenance of the stability of aerobic granules in continuous-flow bioreactors.     

Phytoremediation of levonorgestrel in aquatic environment by hydrophytes

Adsorption and degradation of levonorgestrel （LNG） by two hydrophytes, Cyperus alternfolius （CA） and Eichhornia crassipes （EC）, were investigated under light-shielding conditions in the water column. Variations of LNG concentrations in water, plant root epidermis, root, stem and leaf of the plants were analyzed. The results indicated that the removal efficiency of LNG by hydrophytes over the period of 50 days was significantly greater than the blank control （p 〈 0.05）, with the removal rates of 79.80%± 3.10% and 78.86% ± 2.55% for CA and EC, respectively. Compared with bio-adsorption, bio-conversion of LNG was found to be the dominant elimination pathway, evidenced by relatively high conversion rates （77.31% ±2.68% for CA and 77.82% ± 2.95% for EC）, while the adsorption rates were lower （1.77% ± 0.90% for CA and 1.05% ± 0.40% for EC）. The bio-adsorption and conversion of LNG showed no significant differences between the two hydrophytes. Additionally, the mineralization on root epidermis played an important role in the reduction of LNG in water.     

不同浓度Cd~(2+)对酿酒酵母的毒害作用研究

以"模式生物"——酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)为载体,通过测定酵母细胞的生物量、活细胞/死细胞的计数比值以及胞外聚合物(EPS)的含量,研究了不同浓度的Cd2+(Cd2+浓度分别为0.0mg/L、0.1mg/L、0.5mg/L、1.0mg/L、2.0mg/L、8.0mg/L)对酿酒酵母的毒害作用。试验结果表明:当Cd2+浓度小于或等于0.1mg/L时,活细胞/死细胞的计数比值随着时间的推移分别降低了7.86和8.37,在0.5 mg/L、1.0 mg/L和2.0mg/L的Cd2+浓度下,活细胞/死细胞的计数比值则分别上升了3.35、5.64和0.89,8.0mg/L浓度的Cd2+则会完全抑制酵母细胞的增殖,活细胞/死细胞的计数比值波动在0.86~1.11之间;同时,随着Cd2+浓度的上升,酵母细胞的生物量会逐渐减少,0.1mg/L浓度的Cd2+对酵母细胞生物量无明显影响,0.5~8.0mg/L浓度的Cd2+可使酵母细胞生物量比不含Cd2+的培养基分别下降了7.01%、35.14%、59.89%和96.86%;此外,0.5 mg/L和1.0mg/L浓度的Cd2+能显著刺激酵母细胞分泌更多的EPS,增幅分别为20.26%和7.54%。上述结果表明酵母细胞在一定的Cd2+浓度下可以通过提高EPS的产量来抵御Cd2+对细胞的毒性作用。     

从工程设计角度改善石化实验室职业卫生环境

结合近年来大型石油化工联合装置实验室的工程设计经验,针对石油化工实验室的特点,从合理规划实验室的功能布置、改善实验室的工作环境、加强实验室的污染防护、改进分析方法、优化分析仪器配置等方面,提出了改善实验室职业卫生环境的措施和建议。     

不同添加剂对铅冶炼污染石灰性土壤的修复及土壤性质的影响研究

探讨了污水处理厂脱水污泥、枯草和磷矿粉对受铅冶炼污染的石灰性土壤(全Pb、Cd、Zn含量分别为2337、21.4、486 mg·kg-1,DTPA提取态Pb、Cd、Zn含量分别为1035、14.5、68.7 mg·kg-1)中重金属的稳定效果及对土壤性质的影响.其中,污泥和枯草均按200 g·kg-1(干重)的用量施用,磷矿粉按n(P)∶n(Pb)=2∶1比例施用,培养80 d.研究结果表明,单独施用污泥可使土壤DTPA-Pb含量降低18.0%(p0.05),并可显著降低土壤pH,增加土壤氮、磷有效性和电导率、DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Zn含量,其中,DTPA-Cd、DTPA-Zn含量增加比例均达到10%以上.单独施用枯草可使土壤DTPA-Pb含量降低10.7%(p0.05),土壤有机质含量增加26.4%(p0.05),对土壤其它性状影响较小.磷矿粉单独施用时对土壤性质影响较小.与污泥单独施用相比,磷矿粉与污泥配合施用时,可使土壤DTPA-Cd含量降低11.9%.     

桑树(Morus alba)幼苗对铅污染的生理耐性和积累能力的性别差异

以桑树(Morus alba)雌雄幼苗为实验材料,研究了施铅处理对其生长发育、生理过程和铅元素积累的影响,以揭示桑树幼苗对铅污染的生理耐性和积累能力的性别差异.结果表明:施铅后桑树雌雄幼苗的可溶性蛋白(Pr)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著增加,雄株增幅略高于雌株,而丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率无显著变化;雌雄幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)显著增加,雄株比雌株具有更高的Pn和Tr;雌雄幼苗的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素及叶绿素相对含量显著增加,雄株增幅高于雌株;雌雄幼苗的形态生长与地上部生物量显著增加,根冠比显著降低,而雄株比雌株具有更高的株高、基径和总叶片数;铅在植物体内的分布为根叶茎,雄株根、叶中的铅含量和转移系数略高于雌株.综上,灌施剂量为800 mg·kg-1的铅离子对桑树雄株幼苗生长的促进作用高于雌株,雄株比雌株具有更强的生理耐性和积累能力.     

壳聚糖活性污泥复合吸附剂的制备研究

为了提高污泥细胞吸附重金属离子的应用能力,采用壳聚糖包埋固定活性污泥,制备了粒径2~3 mm的壳聚糖活性污泥复合吸附剂SCTS.以吸附溶液中CrO2-4的吸附率为指标,通过单因素实验对制备过程中采用的2种固化液及5种发泡剂进行比选,考察了固化液浓度、发泡剂量、交联剂量、活性污泥与壳聚糖用量比值及发泡温度对SCTS吸附能力的影响,由正交实验确定影响因素主次顺序及最优水平组合.结果发现,固化液浓度、发泡剂量、污泥与壳聚糖用量比值及发泡温度对SCTS吸附能力影响较强,影响次序为固化液浓度发泡剂量活性污泥与壳聚糖用量比值发泡温度.最优水平组合为4 g·L-1三聚磷酸钠(STPP)固化液、剂量为吸附剂质量10%的NH4HCO3发泡剂、活性污泥与壳聚糖用量比值0.5、发泡温度100℃,此时CrO2-4吸附率最高可达97.3%.该吸附剂的制备研究为污泥的资源化利用探索了新的途径.