Sorption of polar and nonpolar aromatic compounds to four surface soils of eastern China

Improved predictions on the fate of organic pollutants in surface environments require a better understanding of the underlying sorption mechanisms that control their uptake by soils. In this study, we monitored sorption of nine aromatic compounds with varying physicochemical properties (hydrophobicity, electron-donor/acceptor ability and polarity), including two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, two chlorobenzenes, two nitroaromatic compounds, dichlobenil, carbaryl and 2,4-dichlorophenol in aqueous suspension of four surface soils of eastern China. The tested soils were characterized with respect to organic carbon (OC) content, black carbon content, mineralogy, morphology and size fraction to assess the role of the diverse soil characteristics in sorption. The results of this study show that not only the solute hydrophobicity and the OC content of soil are important to the retention of organic pollutants, but also the solute molecular structure and the soil nature.     

水质总氮测定中的有关问题探讨

对总氮测定中的一系列影响因素,诸如实验用水,器皿的洗涤,实验室环境试剂的提纯、配制和保存,消解温度、压力和时间的控制,以及高氨氮水样中的总氮测定、总氮、总磷的同时测定和其他有关的问题,作了较为详细的探讨,并提出了相应的解决办法。     

室内火灾熄灭临界关系的理论分析

应用熄火热理论,对发生火灾时室内气体的得热和散热进行了详细分析,分别得到了在墙壁热惯性较高和热惯性较低两种情况下的临界熄火关系式.研究表明,墙壁热惯性较大时,室内气体通过墙壁和开口进行对流散热,室内气体得热量越大,或散热量越小,火灾愈难以熄灭;在墙壁热惯性较小时,室内气体只能通过开13与外界气体对流散热,因而室内火灾也更加难以控制.     

城市信息化在城市抗震救灾中的作用

提出采用关键的技术和手段建立城市综合信息,并将这些信息运用到震时推断城市的破坏状态和损失中,以便采取合理的救助措施,将地震造成的损失降到最低。     

地震应急处置推演训练系统研究

地震灾害是破坏性极大的突发性自然灾害。震后高效、快速、有序地开展地震应急处置已是社会对各级政府和地震部门的客观要求。提出利用虚拟仿真技术、场景渲染技术和多媒体技术等研制用于培训的地震应急处置推演训练系统,它能快速生成不同的虚拟地震现场环境和与其相关的问题,让受训人员融入其中来进行地震应急的推演训练。给出了建立地震应急处置推演训练系统的总体设计方案,并对其技术框架和系统功能进行了较为详细的描述。     

道路交通事故气象条件分析及安全等级标准——以黑龙江省为例

利用黑龙江省2003-2005年的交通事故资料,分析了事故的日、月、季变化特点,指出过渡季节的3-4月和10-11月为事故的多发期,雨、雪天气为事故多发的最不利的交通环境。在此基础上,研制了评定通安全的气象环境指数及安全等级。     

Biohydrogen production through fermentation using liquid swine manure as substrate

In this paper, continuous production of hydrogen through fermentation with liquid swine manure as substrate was researched using a semi-continuously fed fermenter (8 L in total volume and 4 L in working volume). The pH and temperature for the fermenter were controlled at 5.3 +/- 0.1 and 35 +/- 1 degrees C, respectively, throughout the experiment. Three hydraulic retention times (16, 20, and 24 h) were investigated for their impact on the efficiency and performance of the fermenter in terms of hydrogen yields. The results indicate that hydraulic retention time (HRT) has a strong influence on the fermenter performance. An increasing HRT would increase the variation in hydrogen concentration in the offgas. To produce hydrogen with a fairly consistent concentration, the HRT of the fermenter should not exceed 16 h, which, however, did not appear to be short enough to control methanogenesis because the offgas still contained about 5% methane. When methane content in the offgas exceeded 2%, an inverse linear relationship between hydrogen and methane was observed with a correlation coefficient of 0.9699. To increase hydrogen content in the offgas, methane production has to be limited to below 2%. Also, keeping oxygen content in the fermenter below 1.5% would increase the hydrogen concentration to over 15%. The product to substrate ratio was found to be around 50% for the fermenter system studied, evidenced by the observation that for every 6 liters of manure fermented, 3 liters of pure hydrogen were produced, which was significant and encouraging.     

西庄河流域土地利用方式对土壤肥力影响的研究

采用野外调查、取样和实验分析相结合的方法对云南省保山市西庄河山地流域内4种主要土地利用方式（林地、耕地、茶园、灌丛）的土壤理化性质进行对比研究,讨论了不同土地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响,结果表明,不同的土地利用方式对土壤肥力具有比较明显的影响：土壤有机质和全氮质量分数变化从大到小依次为灌丛＞林地＞茶园＞耕地;磷、钾元素表现为耕地＞茶园＞林地＞灌丛;土壤阳离子交换量表现为耕地＞茶园＞灌丛＞林地;盐基饱和度表现为耕地＞灌丛＞林地＞茶园;农业耕作活动对表层土壤物理性质影响明显。     

湖北水资源现状与可持续利用战略对策

湖北省有十分丰富的过境客水资源,但自产水资源却十分有限,在水资源开发利用中存在许多亟待解决的问题。如地表水污染日趋严重,地下水也存在不容的污染;农业用水占大头,其节水潜力巨大;目前主要是利用地表水,地下水的利用很少;洪涝时时灾害仍然十分严重,并有愈演愈烈的趋势;从长远看,湖北省的水资源问题将主要是污染型短缺的问题;南水北调中线工程将对汉江中下游供水和水质造成不容忽视的影响;在计划体制下形成的水资源     

高架路桥的震害、震害原因及抗震措施

对近年来美、日等国的高架道路和高架桥梁所遭受到的地震破坏以及破坏原因进行了概述,对其在高架路桥的规划、设计、施工过程中所要取的抗震措施作了介绍。