近十年鄱阳湖区极端干旱事件频发现象成因初析

近10 a来鄱阳湖区极端干旱事件频发,引起国内外媒体舆论的广泛关注。针对这一情况,运用流域降水、地表蒸散和出湖径流等数据,从流域水量收支平衡的角度,较为系统地分析了导致鄱阳湖区极端干旱事件频发的原因。结果表明,近10 a来鄱阳湖水文干旱起始日期提前,枯水期拉长。虽然干旱持续时间的长短呈现2~3 a的波动,但在总体上呈现逐渐加长的趋势。从流域水分收支的角度来看,近10 a来以水分亏缺为主,流域降水亏缺是基本的致旱因素,流域蒸散量增加则起到一定的增强作用,而出湖径流所起的作用比较复杂,在多数情况下其致旱的影响程度弱于流域降水作用。长江顶托作用强弱变化可以调节流域的水分收支平衡,强化或者减轻湖泊的干旱程度。2003、2004、2007、2008和2009年发生的极端干旱事件主要由流域水分收入项的大幅度减少所造成的,而长江水情变化在多数情况下加剧了流域水分收支的不平衡。这些研究结果明晰了鄱阳湖流域气象干旱与湖泊水文干旱之间的关系以及长江水情变化所扮演的重要角色,为应对未来的干旱变化和制定合理的抗旱防旱对策与措施提供了科学的依据     

棉花耐涝相关种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了解棉花耐涝相关种质资源的遗传多样性,选用均匀分布于棉花全基因组的145对引物,从中筛选出44对SSR引物对48份涝相关种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,44对SSR引物在48份材料中共检测出170个等位基因变异,平均每个位点有386个。其中耐涝材料的位点多态信息含量(PIC)、每个位点的有效等位基因数(Ne)、基因型多样性(H′)分别为0632、1710 4和0393 7,涝敏感材料的PIC、Ne、H′分别为0628、1721 6和0399 4。耐涝材料和涝敏感材料的Jaccard相似性系数分别在0462~0925和0398~0845之间,遗传相似性系数总体平均值接近,但耐涝材料的变化幅度更大。用类平均法(UPGMA)聚类将48份材料分成2个类群。其中,第Ⅰ类包含39个品种,第Ⅱ类包含9个品种。大多数材料之间的遗传相似性系数较高,表明陆地棉耐涝相关种质资源遗传基础狭窄。本结果可为棉花耐涝育种亲本选配和相关机理研究提供基础资料     

基于MODIS数据的安徽区域日蒸散量估算与分析

蒸散的估算在区域能量平衡和水资源研究中具有重要意义,遥感技术发展促进了区域蒸散的研究。利用安徽省气象资料、MODIS数据产品及GIS背景信息,基于SEBAL模型,按1 km空间分辨率进行了面尺度的安徽省日蒸散量估算,并在GIS空间分析模块的支持下对不同土地覆盖类型的日蒸散量进行统计分析。结果表明：遥感估算的蒸散量与利用Penman Monteith公式计算的蒸散量比较,两者之间具有较好的相关性,遥感蒸散估算值整体偏小,不同土地利用类型的日蒸散量间差异显著。遥感蒸散估算方法在安徽省具有一定的实用性,需优化模型参数,以提高其进一步技术推广的前景     

O3-H2O2氧化法处理印染废水

采用O₃-H₂O₂氧化法对印染废水进行氧化处理,比较了O₃氧化法和O₃-H₂O₂氧化法对印染废水的处理效果,考察了初始废水pH、H₂O₂加入量、O₃流量和反应时间对废水的色度去除率和COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明：O₃-H₂O₂氧化法对废水的COD和色度的去除效果比O₃氧化法更好;在初始废水pH为11、H₂O₂加入量为13mmol/L、O₃流量为6g/h、反应时间为60min的最佳工艺条件下,处理后废水COD为61.50mg/L,COD去除率为95.73%,废水色度为5倍,色度去除率为99.75%,TOC为37.84mg/L,TOC去除率为85.10%,BOD₅为22.76mg/L,BOD₅去除率为90.20%,BOD₅/COD为0.37。     

An overview on the processes and technologies for recycling cathodic active materials from spent lithium-ion batteries

This paper aims to make an overview on the current status and new tendency for recycling cathodic active materials from spent lithium-ion batteries. Firstly, it introduces several kinds of pretreatment technologies, followed by the summary of all kinds of single recycling processes mainly focusing on organic acid leaching and synergistic extraction. Then, several examples of typical combined processes and industrial recycling processes are presented in detail. Meanwhile, the advantages, disadvantages and prospect of each single process, combined process, as well as industrial recycling processes, are discussed. Finally, based on a novel acidic organic solvent, the authors briefly introduce an environmental friendly process to directly recycle and resynthesize cathodic active material LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ from spent lithium-ion batteries. The preliminary experimental results demonstrated the advantages of low reaction temperature, high separation efficiency and organic solvent cycling and preventing secondary pollution to the environment. This process may be used for large-scale recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries after further study.     

人工湿地基质对NH4＋-N吸附性能

为研究建筑废物红砖和工业废物煤渣用作人工湿地脱氮基质的可行性,分别通过静态吸附实验和动态NHf—N去除效果实验进行考察。结果表明,红砖和煤渣对NH4＋-N最大静态吸附量分别为0．2533mg／g和0．0533mg／g,其吸附等温曲线均符合Freundlich型吸附方程,吸附常数分别为0．0419和0．0091;红砖煤渣组合对污水中NH4＋-N平均动态脱除率达到41．18％,高于红砖的37．63％和煤渣的30．92％。     

城市生活垃圾和污水处理厂剩余污泥混合发酵的原料配比优化研究

以城市生活垃圾和污水处理厂的剩余污泥为混合原料,研究了混合原料的不同配比对厌氧发酵过程及产气的影响。结果表明:城市生活垃圾与剩余污泥以挥发性固体(VS)质量比为2∶1混合后,厌氧发酵效果最好,累计产气量最高,达到8 721mL,发酵后的总固体(TS)、VS、COD去除率分别达43.65%、35.98%、47.88%;各实验组在发酵过程中的pH、氨氮浓度和碱度均在合理范围内,未对厌氧发酵反应造成影响;以适当配比的城市生活垃圾和剩余污泥为混合原料,进行中温联合厌氧发酵是可行的,联合厌氧发酵可以弥补单一原料的缺陷,在一定程度上改善厌氧发酵效果。     

添加炭基材料对蔬菜废物好氧堆肥进程和腐熟度的影响

以蔬菜废弃物辣椒秸秆和树叶为堆肥原料(CK),采用密闭式好氧堆肥工艺,研究了添加5%木本泥炭(T1)、5%活性炭(T2)和10%木本泥炭(T3)等炭基材料对堆肥p H、EC、CO2累积量、物料损失率、T值、C/N和发芽率指数的影响。结果显示,T2处理的p H在60 d后维持在8~9之间;EC值随着堆肥进行呈现先下降后升高再下降的趋势,最终CK、T1、T2和T3处理的EC值(m S/cm)分别降低了1.02、0.76、0.33和0.48;T2和T3处理的CO2累积量一直高于其他处理;所有处理的物料损失率均在20%以上;4个处理堆肥产品的T值分别为0.56、0.65、0.68和0.69;堆肥产品的发芽率指数分别为63.2%、69.3%、93.5%和86.1%。T值和发芽率指数显示T2和T3处理达到了腐熟阶段。结果表明,在蔬菜堆肥处理中添加炭基材料可改善堆肥产品的理化性质,加速堆肥物料的分解,有效地缩短堆肥周期和提高堆肥产品的腐熟度。     

Kinetics of peanut shell pyrolysis and hydrolysis in subcritical water

Biomass is recognized as an important solution to energy and the environmental problems related to fossil fuel usage. The rational utilization of biomass waste is important not only for the prevention of environmental issues, but also for the effective utilization of natural resources. Pyrolysis and hyrolysis in subcritical water are promising processes for biomass waste conversion. This paper deals with hydrolysis and pyrolysis of peanut shells. Hydrolysis and pyrolysis kinetics of peanut shell wastes were investigated for the in-depth exploration of process mechanisms and for the control of the reactions. Hydrolysis kinetics was conducted in a temperature range of 180–240 °C. A simplified kinetic model to describe the hydrolysis of peanut shells was proposed. Hydrolysis activation energy as well as the pre-exponential factor was determined according to the model. The target products of peanut shell hydrolysis, reducing sugars, can reach up to 40.5 % (maximum yield) at 220 °C and 180 s. Pyrolysis characteristics were investigated. The results showed that three stages appeared in this thermal degradation process. Kinetic parameters in terms of apparent pyrolysis activation energy and pre-exponential factor were obtained by the Coats–Redfern method.