Review on recent progress in on-line monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions in China

Emissions from mobile sources and stationary sources contribute to atmospheric pollution in China, and its components, which include ultrafine particles (UFPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other reactive gases, such as NH₃ and NO_x, are the most harmful to human health. China has released various regulations and standards to address pollution from mobile and stationary sources. Thus, it is urgent to develop online monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions. This study provides an overview of the main progress in mobile and stationary source monitoring technology in China and describes the comprehensive application of some typical instruments in vital areas in recent years. These instruments have been applied to monitor emissions from motor vehicles, ships, airports, the chemical industry, and electric power generation. Not only has the level of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment been improving, but relevant regulations and standards have also been constantly updated. Meanwhile, the developed instruments can provide scientific assistance for the successful implementation of regulations. According to the potential problem areas in atmospheric pollution in China, some research hotspots and future trends of atmospheric online monitoring technology are summarized. Furthermore, more advanced atmospheric online monitoring technology will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric pollution and improve environmental monitoring capacity.     

耐蚀高熵合金在岛礁装备中的应用前景

详细综述了南沙岛礁环境下装备的腐蚀特点以及耐蚀高熵合金的研究进展,着重分析了合金化元素及热处理工艺对耐蚀高熵合金腐蚀性能的影响规律.最终,归纳了耐蚀高熵合金在岛礁装备中的潜在应用领域,为全面提升我国关键装备在南沙岛礁环境中的服役能力提供了理论指导.     

Graphitic carbon nitride/biochar composite synthesized by a facile ball-milling method for the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of enrofloxacin

In order to enhance the removal performance of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) on organic pollutant, a simultaneous process of adsorption and photocatalysis was achieved via the compounding of biochar and g-C₃N₄. In this study, g-C₃N₄ was obtained by a condensation reaction of melamine at 550°C. Then the g-C₃N₄/biochar composites were synthesized by ball milling biochar and g-C₃N₄ together, which was considered as a simple, economical, and green strategy. The characterization of resulting g-C₃N₄/biochar suggested that biochar and g-C₃N₄ achieved effective linkage. The adsorption and photocatalytic performance of the composites were evaluated with enrofloxacin (EFA) as a model pollutant. The result showed that all the g-C₃N₄/biochar composites displayed higher adsorption and photocatalytic performance to EFA than that of pure g-C₃N₄. The 50% g-C₃N₄/biochar performed best and removed 45.2% and 81.1% of EFA (10 mg/L) under darkness and light with a dosage of 1 mg/mL, while g-C₃N₄ were 19.0% and 27.3%, respectively. Besides, 50% g-C₃N₄/biochar showed the highest total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency (65.9%). Radical trapping experiments suggested that superoxide radical (?O₂^?) and hole (h⁺) were the main active species in the photocatalytic process. After 4 cycles, the composite still exhibited activity for catalytic removal of EFA.     

Rapid field testing of mercury pollution by designed fluorescent biosensor and its cells-alginate hydrogel-based paper assay

With increasing industrial activities, mercury has been largely discharged into environment and caused serious environmental problems. The growing level of mercury pollution has become a huge threat to human health due to its significant biotoxicity. Therefore, the simple and fast means for on-site monitoring discharged mercury pollution are highly necessary to protect human beings from its pernicious effects in time. Herein, a “turn off” fluorescent biosensor (mCherry L199C) for sensing Hg²⁺ was successfully designed based on direct modification of the chromophore environment of fluorescent protein mCherry. For rapid screening and characterization, the designed variant of mCherry (mCherry L199C) was directly expressed on outer-membrane of  Escherichia coli cells by cell surface display technique. The fluorescent biosensor was characterized to have favorable response to Hg²⁺ at micromole level among other metal ions and over a broad pH range. Further, the cells of the fluorescent biosensor were encapsulated in alginate hydrogel to develop the cells-alginate hydrogel-based paper. The cells-alginate hydrogel-based paper could detect mercury pollution in 5 min with simple operation process and inexpensive equipment, and it could keep fluorescence and activity stable at 4?°C for 24 hr, which would be a high-throughput screening tool in preliminarily reporting the presence of mercury pollution in natural setting.     

石化企业气体泄漏红外成像检测技术研究进展

介绍了气体泄漏红外成像检测技术的工作原理和分类,综述了国内外相关单位的研究进展,重点分析了国外公司对被动式红外成像检测技术的研究情况,并对技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

气浮旋流一体化油水分离器结构选型模拟研究

采用FLUENT模拟技术,应用可靠的物理模型、划分结构化网格,选用合理的模拟方法,对两种不同结构分离器单相流场和油气水三相分离效率开展了模拟研究,结果表明:两种结构分离器切向速度流场衰减速度均较慢,采用渐缩式内筒结构的"2"型分离器切向速度对称性、极大值均优于"1"型分离器;两种结构分离器均存在两组"零轴速包络面",不利于分离器收油操作,需设计特殊的收油装置、收油结构;两种结构分离器分离效率均随处理量、溶气水量、分流比以及溶气比的增加而增加,但"2"型分离器分离效率明显高于"1"型,"2"型分离器溶气水量、分流比最优值明显小于"1"型分离器。     

具有双反应活性中心Cu-Al2O3-g-C3N4类芬顿催化剂及·OH选择性转化机理研究

采用水热合成法制备Cu-Al₂O₃-g-C₃N₄类芬顿催化剂,以扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、电子自旋共振（EPR）、拉曼光谱（Raman）对所制备的催化剂及反应过程进行表征.以染料亚甲基蓝（MB）和罗丹明B（Rh-B）及小分子有机物2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）、双酚A（BPA）和苯妥英（PHT）为目标污染物,研究催化剂在初始pH=7条件下的类芬顿催化活性.同时,探讨Cu掺杂量和有机物配体g-C₃N₄掺杂量对体系催化性能的影响,并验证晶格氧诱发与有机配体络合两种方式对催化剂活性和稳定性提高产生的影响.DMPO-EPR自由基测定实验及Raman光谱监测催化反应过程验证表明：Cu的晶格氧掺杂诱发了靠近铜晶格O₂^·-的富电子Cu中心,以及靠近铝晶格O₂^·-的缺电子Al中心;引入的g-C₃N₄以阳离子π作用形式通过σ-型Cu—O—C键桥将π体系上的电子转移至Cu,形成一个新的缺电子π中心.在H₂O₂存在的情况下,富电子Cu中心将电子传递给H₂O₂,使其被还原为·OH;同时,体系中H₂O的电子被缺电子中心剥夺,进而氧化为·OH.羟基自由基转化率TOFs值的进一步计算结果表明,Cu-Al₂O₃-g-C₃N₄体系中TOF值为0.516 s^-1,是传统均相芬顿体系TOF值（1.53×10^-2 s^-1）的33倍以上.     

Assessing the role of mineral particles in the atmospheric photooxidation of typical carbonyl compound

Mineral particles are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and exhibit an important effect on the photooxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the role of mineral particles in the photochemical oxidation mechanism of VOCs remains unclear. Hence, the photooxidation reactions of acrolein (ARL) with OH radical (OH) in the presence and absence of SiO₂ were investigated by theoretical approach. The gas-phase reaction without SiO₂ has two distinct pathways (H-abstraction and OH-addition pathways), and carbonyl-H-abstraction is the dominant pathway. In the presence of SiO₂, the reaction mechanism is changed, i.e., the dominant pathway from carbonyl-H-abstraction to OH-addition to carbonyl C-atom. The energy barrier of OH-addition to carbonyl C-atom deceases 21.33 kcal/mol when SiO₂ is added. Carbonyl H-atom of ARL is occupied by SiO₂ via hydrogen bond, and carbonyl C-atom is activated by SiO₂. Hence, the main product changes from H-abstraction product to OH-adduct in the presence of SiO₂. The OH-adduct exhibits a thermodynamic feasibility to yield HO₂ radical and carboxylic acid via the subsequent reactions with O₂, with implications for O₃ formation and surface acidity of mineral particles.     

基于要素流动的城镇建设用地配置方法框架探讨

现有城镇建设用地配置主要遵循空间开发导向,利用静态数据和用地分配标准、评估及预测模型开展,存在一定的“区域偏好”和“规模求大”现象。在强调生态文明建设和高质量发展的新时期,国土空间规划战略实施要求城镇建设用地配置方法需要及时革新。关注到信息或智能技术深度影响下未来城镇场所空间将转变为流动空间这一必然趋势,不同尺度生产、生活及生态要素时空流动与分配将是城镇建设用地科学配置的关键。因此,利用多源要素流大数据和多学科分析方法,试图从城镇空间发展水平评价、城镇要素流动网络时空模拟与用地分配、城镇要素功能区识别与开发边界划定、城镇建设用地配置效果动态评估4个方面,建立基于要素流动的城镇建设用地配置方法框架。结果表明：（1）城镇空间发展水平评价需要综合考虑城镇对区域现状要素控制、吸引及溢出的能力,并从空间发展规模、活力及品质三个层面构建评价指标体系;（2）在城镇建设用地指标区域分配过程中注重利用网络优化模型和社会网络分析方法刻画区域要素流动规律,并通过时空耦合模型找出不同等级和类型“空间发展水平—要素控制力”组合的城镇;（3）城镇未来扩展方向和边界形态是由内部各类要素流动变化与功能空间布局的供需时空匹配情况决定的,需要利用时空耦合、引力、CA及多智能体等模型识别要素功能影响区和流动偏好;（4）城镇建设用地配置效果评估指标需要体现生态文明、高质量、智慧治理及一体化等未来城镇发展要求和趋势。这些研究结果可以为国土空间规划城镇开发边界划定和实施提供参考。     

Estimation of Avian Influenza Viruses in Water Environments of Live Poultry Markets in Changsha,China, 2014 to 2018

Food and Environmental Virology - In routine surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in the environments of live poultry markets (LPMs), certain samples were positive for AIVs type A while...