铜和镉对珠江天然仔鱼和幼鱼的毒性效应及其潜在生态风险

以静水实验法探讨珠江流域主要金属污染物铜和镉对当地天然仔鱼和幼鱼的急性毒性效应。结果显示,铜对西江赤眼鳟和鲴仔鱼(48 h)和广东鲂幼鱼(96 h)的LC50分别为0.066、0.055和0.10 mg·L-1,对应的安全浓度分别为0.006、0.010和0.010 mg·L-1;镉对赤眼鳟和鲴仔鱼(48 h)以及广东鲂幼鱼(96 h)的LC50分别为1.29、0.83和3.20 mg·L-1,对应的安全浓度分别为0.163、0.077和0.320 mg·L-1。其中,铜对上述受试鱼的安全浓度低于或接近我国《渔业水质标准》及《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅱ类水对铜的规定,而镉对这些受试鱼的安全浓度则高于相关标准对镉的规定。研究结果表明,珠江流域铜污染可能会对当地天然仔鱼、幼鱼群体的补充构成一定程度的威胁,但镉污染暂不会对该区域主要鱼类早期群体补充带来严重的生态风险。     

基于聚类分析的海南岛雷电灾害易损度风险区划

利用1998-2009年全国雷电灾害汇编资料、海南岛18个气象台站雷暴资料、海南闪电定位网观测资料和海南省统计年鉴的区域经济、人口数据,选取了表征海南岛雷电灾害致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体特征的指标变量。采用R型聚类分析方法对影响易损度的指标进行了筛选和检验。以雷暴日数、50 kA以上平均地闪密度、雷灾频数、人员伤亡频数和区域经济易损模数等5个指标为依据变量,用欧氏距离(Euclidean distance)计算了各样本的相似性测度,应用Q型聚类中的Ward’s法(离差平方和法)进行了层次聚类分析,并用Q型迭代聚类分析法进行了聚类解验证,开展了海南岛雷电灾害风险区划。结果表明:海口属于易损度高风险的第1类地区,该类地区雷电灾害综合易损值高达3.89;文昌、澄迈、临高、定安、屯昌和琼海为易损度次高风险的第2类地区;儋州、琼中、白沙、通什和保亭为中等风险的第3类地区;昌江、东方、乐东、万宁、陵水和三亚为较弱风险的第四类地区。     

Impact of gasoline engine deposits on light duty vehicle emissions: in-use case study in Beijing, China

Tailpipe emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles usually deteriorate over time. The accumulation of engine deposits due to inadequate gasoline detergency is considered to be one of the major causes of such emission deterioration. Six in-use light-duty gasoline vehicles in Beijing were tested to investigate the impact of engine deposits on emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO _x ). Emissions under cold start and hot running test conditions from the six light duty vehicles were measured before and after engine deposits were removed. Results show that although individual vehicles reacted differently for each of the pollutants, elimination of engine deposits on average reduced HC emissions under hot running conditions by 29.4%, CO emissions under cold start conditions by 23.0% and CO emissions under hot running conditions by 35.5% (t < 0.05 in all cases). No pollutant emissions increased with statistical significance (t < 0.05) after the removal of engine deposits. Variations of emission changes upon removal of engine deposits were observed. Such variations are in line with previous studies, implying that the impact patterns of engine deposits on vehicle emissions may be subject to many influencing factors that are not fully understood and difficult to control under all conditions. A statistical view of the impact of engine deposits on vehicle emissions may be appropriate for evaluation of emissions reductions across a city or a country. It is necessary to maintain sufficient and effective gasoline fuel detergency in practice to keep the engines clean and in turn reduce vehicle emissions.     

炭黑尾气用于精煤干燥新技术的探讨与应用

论述了炭黑尾气的组成、成分分析,国内外利用技术发展状况,利用技术工艺,以及根据工程实例,提出了炭黑尾气用于精煤干燥机燃烧炉燃料的利用新技术,给我国炭黑生产企业尾气利用提供了有益的借鉴,也丰富了我国炭黑尾气的利用技术范畴。     

当前化学品环境管理的挑战与建议

化学品环境管理是我国当前环境保护工作中亟需加强的重要领域,并且面临三大挑战:化学品种类呈爆发式增长,化学品的生产使用量呈指数式增长以及对化学品的损害特性认知滞后。现阶段,我国的化学品管理集中在对生产流通环节的安全事故防范和对次生环境污染的治理与应对,但是对化学品造成的环境影响和健康损害却还缺乏足够的重视,相应的风险管控制度和防治体系建设也还处于摸索阶段。本文从管理对象界定、化工行业管理、管理制度设计、专业能力建设和多学科技术支撑五个方面梳理了我国当前化学品环境管理工作中存在的主要问题和不足。综合我国化学工业的发展现状和化学品环境管理的现实需求,建议从五个方面加强化学品环境管理体系的建设:(1)明确化学品环境管理的对象和范围,科学制定管理战略与路线;(2)深化对化工行业发展规律的认知,加快形成行业绿色转型的共识与行动;(3)定期跟踪评估政策的实施成效,建立完善的政策调整机制;(4)总结和借鉴国内外化学品环境管理的先进经验和教训;(5)加强化学品全流程、跨领域的研究整合,大力发展检测、模拟和评估的新技术与新方法。本研究可为我国中长期化学品环境管理战略和政策制度体系的建立提供决策支持。     

Toxicity,residue, degradation and detection methods of the insecticide triazophos

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Organophosphorus pesticides were widely used in agricultural production and in public health as insecticides and acaricides. Triazophos, an organophosphorus...     

Trophic mode and organics metabolic characteristic of fungal community in swine manure composting

Fungal trophic modes and substrates utilization ability was observed in composting. Fungi had the higher diversity and more trophic types in thermophilic phase. Fungi had the higher metabolic potential in fresh swine manure and mature production. Redox potential, organics and moisture are main factors impacting fungal community. Composting reduced pathogenic fungi and enrich dung saprotroph fungi in swine manure. The succession of fungal community, trophic mode and metabolic characteristics were evaluated in 60 days composting of swine manure by high-throughput sequencing, FUNGuild and Biolog method, respectively. The result showed that the fungal community diversity reached to the highest level (76 OTUs) in the thermophilic phase of composting, then sustained decline to 15 OTUs after incubation. There were 10 fungal function groups in the raw swine manure. Pathotroph-saprotroph fungi reached to 15.91% on Day-10 but disappeared on Day-60. Dung saprotroph-undefined saprotroph fungi grown from 0.19% to 52.39% during the treatment. The fungal community had more functional groups but the lower substrate degradation rates in the thermophilic phase. The fungal communities on Day-0 and Day-60 had the highest degradation rates of amino acids and polymers, respectively. Redundancy analysis showed that ORP (49.6%), VS/Ash (45.3%) and moisture (39.2%) were the main influence factors on the succession of fungal community in the swine manure composting process.     

接枝羧基淀粉对贵金属离子吸附性能研究

研究了接枝羧基淀粉（ＩＳＣ）对贵金属离子Ａｇ（Ⅰ）,Ｐｄ（Ⅱ）、Ｐｔ（Ⅳ）的静态吸附性能和选择性及介质的ＰＨ对其吸附性能的影响,利用接枝羧基淀粉与Ａｇ（Ⅰ）形成螯合物的红外光谱和Ｘ－射线光电子能谱数据（ＸＰＳ）探讨了其吸附作用机理。     

对氯酚的生物降解及其污染土壤的生物修复探索

从天津农芭厂混合土壤中分离到一株能够降解对氯酚的黄单胞菌Ｄ－１,在此基础上,研究了该菌株对对氯酚的降解特性和将Ｄ－１菌株加入模拟对氯污染土壤中的生物修复试验。     

济宁市地下水资源的开发利用与环境地质问题

地下水是济宁市的主要供水水源。近年来,由于开发利用中存在的问题,造成某些地区出现地下水位下降、水资源供求矛盾加剧以及地面沉降、地裂缝、水质污染、土壤盐碱化等现象。本文分析了济宁市由于地下水开发利用不当所造成的环境地质问题,探讨了合理利用及保护地下水资源的对策。