Current Status and Problems in Certification of Sustainable Forest Management in China

Forest certification is a mechanism involving the regulation of trade of forest products in order to protect forest resources and improve forest management. Although China had a late start in adopting this process, the country has made good progress in recent years. As of July 31, 2009, 17 forest management enterprises and more than one million hectares of forests in China have been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Several major factors affect forest certification in China. The first set is institutional in nature. Forest management in China is based on centralized national plans and therefore lacks flexibility. A second factor is public awareness. The importance and value of forest certification are not widely understood and thus consumers do not make informed choices regarding certified forest products. The third major factor is the cost of certification. Together these factors have constrained the development of China’s forest certification efforts. However, the process does have great potential. According to preliminary calculations, if 50% of China’s commercial forests were certified, the economic cost of forest certification would range from US$0.66–86.63 million while the economic benefits for the forestry business sector could exceed US$0.66–86.63 million while the economic benefits for the forestry business sector could exceed US150 million. With continuing progress in forest management practices and the development of international trade in forest products, it becomes important to improve the forest certification process in China. This can be achieved by improving the forest management system, constructing and perfecting market access mechanisms for certificated forest products, and increasing public awareness of environmental protection, forest certification, and their interrelationship.     

河北省县域可持续发展评价指标体系的建立与应用研究

以可持续发展相关理论为基础,利用系统工程的理论和方法建立了河北省县域可持续发展指标体系及其评价标准,并在全省范围应用,对全省136个县(市)可持续发展能力做出了评价。结合评价结果,阐述了河北省县域可持续发展能力的特征,提出了河北省县域可持续发展的方向和思路。     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对其它有机污染物在沉积物上吸附的影响

采用平衡振荡实验方法,研究了不同浓度的全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对两种有机污染物(硝基苯和菲)在沉积物上吸附的影响.结果表明,单组分PFOS在沉积物上是非线性吸附;与其它有机污染物共存时,随着PFOS浓度的升高,硝基苯的吸附量先减少后增加,而菲的吸附量则先增加后减少.PFOS对其它有机污染物吸附的影响规律与有机污染物的...     

Stereoselective toxicity of malathion and its metabolites, malaoxon and isomalathion

In recent years, the stereoselective toxicity of chiral organophosphorus pesticides has received increasing attention from environmental toxicology scientists. In an attempt to explore the stereoselective effects of chiral organophosphorus pesticides on non-target organisms and enzymes, this work investigated the stereoselective toxicity and inhibition of malathion, malaoxon and isomalathion on Daphnia magna and on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase extracted from wheat flour, respectively. Toxicity differences were observed between the two enantiomers of malathion and malaoxon and among the four stereoisomers of isomalathion in the LC50 values on D. magna and the IC50 values on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase. Enantiomers with (R)-configuration in all the tested compounds showed higher toxicity to D. magna than their (S)-forms and racemic forms. Racemic malaoxon and isomalathion showed the strongest inhibition on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase compared to their respective enantiomers and stereoisomers.     

基于洪水演进数值模拟的溃坝危害性快速评估

采用部分溃坝模型与堰流相交算法计算溃坝最大流量,并基于四次抛物线概化方法得到溃坝洪水的流量过程线;利用洪峰展平法将洪水波概化为三角形,对洪水演进过程进行模拟,分析溃口宽度和溃口形态对洪水演进过程的影响;研究考虑不同溃坝条件下对溃坝洪水的到时、最大流量、水深和洪水历时等洪水演进的主要参数的快速估算方法,以实现对地震可能引发不同溃坝事件危害性的快速评估。     

Comparing dark- and photo-Fenton-like degradation of emerging pollutant over photo-switchable Bi2WO6/CuFe2O4: Investigation on dominant reactive oxidation species

The extensive use of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) poses a threat to human health and the aquatic environment. Here, magnetic p-n Bi₂WO₆/CuFe₂O₄ catalyst was fabricated to efficiently remove TCH. The obtained Bi₂WO₆/CuFe₂O₄ exhibited 92.1% TCH degradation efficiency and 50.7% and 35.1% mineralization performance for TCH and raw secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in a photo-Fenton-like system, respectively. The remarkable performance was attributed to the fact that photogenerated electrons accelerated the Fe(III)/Fe(II) and Cu(II)/Cu(I) conversion for the Fenton-like reaction between Fe(II)/Cu(I) and H₂O₂, thereby generating abundant ?OH for pollutant oxidation. Various environmental factors including H₂O₂ concentration, initial pH, catalyst dosage, TCH concentration and inorganic ions were explored. The reactive oxidation species (ROS) quenching results and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra confirmed that ?O₂^? and ?OH were responsible for the dark and photo-Fenton-like systems, respectively. The degradation mechanisms and pathways of TCH were proposed, and the toxicity of products was evaluated. This work contributes a highly efficient and environmentally friendly catalyst and provides a clear mechanistic explanation for the removal of antibiotic pollutants in environmental remediation.     

Distribution and chemical speciation of arsenic in different sized atmospheric particulate matters

The distribution and chemical speciation of arsenic (As) in different sized atmospheric particulate matters (PMs), including total suspended particles (TSP), PM₁₀, and PM_2.5, collected from Baoding, China were analyzed. The average total mass concentrations of As in TSP, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 were 31.5, 35.3, and 54.1 µg/g, respectively, with an order of PM_2.5 >PM ₁₀ > TSP, revealing that As is prone to accumulate on fine particles. Due to the divergent toxicities of different As species, speciation analysis of As in PMs is further conducted. Most of previous studies mainly focused on inorganic arsenite (iAs^III), inorganic arsenate (iAs^V), monomethylarsonate (MMA), and dimethylarsinate (DMA) in PMs, while the identification and sensitive quantification of trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) were rarely reported. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system was optimized for As speciation including TMAO in PMs. An anion exchange column was used to separate MMA, DMA and iAs^V, while a cation exchange column to separate TMAO and iAs^III. Results showed that iAs^V was the dominate component in all the samples, corresponding to a portion of 79.2% ± 9.3% of the total extractable species, while iAs^III, TMAO and DMA made up the remaining 21%. Our study demonstrated that iAs^III accounted for about 14.4% ± 11.4% of the total extracted species, with an average concentration of 1.7 ± 1.6 ng/m³. It is worth noting that TMAO was widely present in the samples (84 out of 97 samples), which supported the assumption that TMAO was ubiquitous in atmospheric particles.     

二氧化锰改性沸石对废水中Pb2+的吸附性能及其影响因素研究

改性后的沸石材料,可大幅度提高其对金属离子的吸附量,在治理环境污染方面具有巨大的潜力。高锰酸钾和硫酸锰反应生成的二氧化锰包裹在沸石表面,可大大提高其吸附性能,最终达到吸附废水中重金属的目的。研究了二氧化锰改性沸石对废水中Pb²⁺吸附性能的影响因素,如沸石与二氧化锰投料比、反应时间、溶液pH值、反应温度、Pb²⁺初始浓度等,并探讨了其吸附机理。试验结果表明:二氧化锰改性沸石对废水中Pb²⁺的吸附效果随着沸石与二氧化锰投料比的增加而提高,平衡吸附时间为12 h,吸附反应的最佳溶液pH值为5~6;二氧化锰改性沸石对废水中Pb²⁺的吸附为自发的吸热反应,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,说明为单配体吸附模式;红外光谱分析发现,-OH是影响二氧化锰改性沸石吸附废水中Pb²⁺的主要官能团;低浓度腐殖酸对二氧化锰改性沸石吸附废水中Pb²⁺的影响较小,不产生竞争吸附。     

废水中氨氮的去除与利用

化学沉淀剂可去除废水中的氨氮，并得到有用复合肥ＭｇＮＨ４ＰＯ４。探讨了诸反应对氨氮去除率的影响。     

环境中铅的化学循环

本文论述了环境中铅的背景值、来源、污染、质量标准，化学循环包括沉淀溶解、络合解离和吸附解吸以及环境中铅的烷基化，为铅污染治理提供理论依据．