Adjusting sowing date and cultivar shift improve maize adaption to climate change in China

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - This study investigates the impact of climate change on spring and summer maize (Zea mays) yield and evaluates several adaptation measures...     

MgO低温催化臭氧降解氨氮的机制研究

研究了低温条件下单独臭氧及MgO催化臭氧化降解水中氨氮的效率和特征,并对其反应机制分别进行了探讨.结果表明,pH是影响臭氧和催化臭氧化除氨的重要因素,不仅影响溶液中NH_3与NH~+_4的比例和臭氧氧化氨氮的速率,还影响氧化产物种类,从而影响脱氮效果.10℃时,单独臭氧对水中氨氮的氧化降解效率随pH的升高而增大,pH≤9时整体降解效率不高,pH=9时仅为16.39%,而pH=10时达到41.77%.臭氧和·OH共同参与降解氨氮的过程.单独臭氧氧化氨氮生成氮气的选择性具有pH依赖性,并与Cl~-密切相关.pH低(≤9)时,氨氮多以NH~+_4形态存在,O_3与Cl~-反应生成ClO~-_x(x=1、3),再氧化NH~+_4,从而生成气态产物N_2或N_2O.MgO在低温条件下具有很强的催化臭氧化降解氨氮的能力且温度升高有利于反应的进行,0、10、20℃时,MgO催化臭氧化氨氮的效率分别为77.53%、80.17%、91.26%.此过程中,·OH参与反应的程度低,一部分氨氮降解依靠ClO~-_x氧化NH~+_4,而氨氮降解的主要途径为O_3对NH_3的直接氧化.     

双区静电除尘器的数值模拟研究

采用数模拟的方法研究了双区静电除尘器内流场分布、颗粒荷电及颗粒运动等难以直接测量的物理过程,构建了双区静电除尘过程完整的数值模型.采用泊松方程、电流连续性方程和匀强电场方程描述电场,采用N-S方程和雷诺应力标准湍流模型描述流场,采用拉格朗日法描述颗粒运动轨迹.通过截面风速与颗粒去除率的模拟值与实验值的对比,验证了数值模型在模拟内部流场和颗粒运动时的准确性.数值模拟结果表明：双区静电除尘器内部流场分布对入口风速的变化非常敏感;颗粒荷电方式占比由颗粒粒径决定;荷电区内颗粒向极板的趋近过程由流体曳力和电场力共同完成,收尘区内的趋近过程则由电场力主导;入口流速通过改变颗粒前进速度和内部流场形态来影响颗粒运动轨迹.     

Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

Seasonal variation and size distribution of biogenic secondary organic aerosols at urban and continental background sites of China

Size-resolved biogenic secondary organic aerosols(BSOA) derived from isoprene and monoterpene photooxidation in Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau(a continental background site) and five cities of China were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Concentrations of the determined BSOA are higher in the cities than in the background and are also higher in summer than in winter. Moreover, strong positive correlations(R2= 0.44–0.90) between BSOA and sulfate were found at the six sites,suggesting that anthropogenic pollution(i.e., sulfate) could enhance SOA formation,because sulfate provides a surface favorable for acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA. Size distribution measurements showed that most of the determined SOA tracers are enriched in the fine mode( 3.3 μm) except for cis-pinic and cis-pinonic acids, both presented a comparable mass in the fine and coarse( 3.3 μm) modes, respectively. Mass ratio of oxidation products derived from isoprene to those from monoterpene in the five urban regions during summer are much less than those in Qinghai Lake region. In addition, in the five urban regions relative abundances of monoterpene oxidation products to SOA are much higher than those of isoprene. Such phenomena suggest that BSOA derived from monoterpenes are more abundant than those from isoprene in Chinese urban areas.     

高速铁路选线对生态环境的影响分析研究

高速铁路选线要充分考虑对生态环境的影响,在路基、桥涵、隧道等形式通过环境敏感点时,要从工程技术和生态环境保护的角度出发,避免高速铁路建设和运营对当地的水资源环境、自然保护区造成破坏。根据高速铁路周边的环境信息,在路基填土高度上结合地形、地质和水文自然特征确定合理的填土高度。在高速铁路跨越生态保护区和湖泊等线路中,贯彻生态选线的原则,准确确定桥涵净空,在工程设计、施工上采用系列的生态保护措施。     

绿色建筑的节能环保设计思路分析研究

绿色建筑具有透光好、保温性与通风性好等优点,为了实现节能减排,提高宜居性,进行绿色建筑的节能环保设计,考虑低碳节能效果,在建筑外墙使用抹整体式保温系统,楼顶使用现浇整体式保温系统进行建筑的保温墙设计,考虑建筑的通风性,建筑使用通透性的设计方案,设计空中楼顶花园,提高隔热防晒效果的同时,提高绿化覆盖面积。合理布局楼高和楼间距,提高建筑的采光性,设计景观生物廊道,采用底层架空式结构实现自然通风和采光,实现绿色建筑的节能优化设计。     

气体中毒窒息事故的环境应急监测

以株洲市攸县某矿业公司"5·7"重大中毒窒息事故的环境应急监测为例，详细阐述了该事故开展应急监测的全过程。针对锁定污染因子、查找污染源、判断污染团的扩散趋势以及监控敏感点的安全等监测目的设计监测方案。通过监测数据分析确定事故特征因子为CO，其周边环境空气中浓度随着与抽风口距离的增加而快速下降，监测到附近居民区环境空气质量未受事故影响。     

Analysing the sensitivity behaviour of two hydrology models

Recently, the New Morris Method has been presented as an effective sensitivity analysis tool for mathematical models. The New Morris Method estimates the sensitivity of an output parameter to a given set of input parameters (first-order effects) and the extent these parameters interact with each other (second-order effects). This method requires the specification of two parameters (runs and resolution) that control the sampling of the output parameter to determine its sensitivity to various inputs. The criteria for these parameters have been set on the analysis of a well-behaved analytical function (see Cropp and Braddock, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 78:77–83, 2002), which may not be applicable to other physical models that describe complex processes. This paper will investigate the appropriateness of the criteria from (Cropp and Braddock, 2002) and hence the effectiveness of the New Morris Method to determine the sensitivity behaviour of two hydrologic models: the Soil Erosion and Deposition System and Griffith University Representation of Urban Hydrology. In the first case, this paper will separately analyse the sensitivity of an output parameter on a set of input parameters (first- and second-order effects) for each model and discuss the physical meaning of these sensitivities. This will be followed by an investigation into the sampling criteria by exploring the convergence of the sensitivity behaviour for each model as the sampling of the parameter space is increased. By comparing these trends to the convergence behaviour from Cropp and Braddock (2002), we will determine how well the New Morris Method estimates the sensitivity for each model and whether the sampling criteria are appropriate for these models. It will be shown that the New Morris Method can provide additional insight into the functioning of these models, and that, under a different metric, the sensitivity behaviour of these models does converge confirming the sampling criteria set by Cropp and Braddock.     

Analysis of pollutant levels in central Hong Kong applying neural network method with particle swarm optimization

Air pollution has emerged as an imminent issue in modernsociety. Prediction of pollutant levels is an importantresearch topic in atmospheric environment today. For fulfillingsuch prediction, the use of neural network (NN), and inparticular the multi-layer perceptrons, has presented to be acost-effective technique superior to traditional statisticalmethods. But their training, usually with back-propagation (BP)algorithm or other gradient algorithms, is often with certaindrawbacks, such as: 1) very slow convergence, and 2) easilygetting stuck in a local minimum. In this paper, a newlydeveloped method, particle swarm optimization (PSO) model, isadopted to train perceptrons, to predict pollutant levels, andas a result, a PSO-based neural network approach is presented. The approach is demonstrated to be feasible and effective bypredicting some real air-quality problems.